日本の封建制度規則と交互居住制（参勤交代）| OKWAVE

英語の文章と和訳があります。和訳は正しいですか？

The traditional feudal code of conduct between members of the military elite also justified the imposition of the alternate residence system (sankin kotai). Taking up the old custom of homage, by which a vassal had been expected to go every so often in person to pay his respects to his overlord, the Tokugawa both regularized and bureaucratized it. By the time of the third shogun, Iemitsu, all daimyo virtually without exception and throughout their reigns had to spend alternate years living at Edo, supposedly in attendance on the shogun. Actually, they only met the shogun time the daimyo spent in their Edo mansions, or yashiki, attending to their own domain affairs and private pleasures. Something which before 1600 had been occasional and personal now became periodic, unavoidable, and completely impersonal. 日本語訳重臣大名メンバーの間での伝統的な封建制度規則も、領地との間を行ったり来たりする制度（参勤交代）の義務化を正当化した。家臣がしばしば自分の主君に敬意を表すためにじかに会いにいくという古い伝統への敬意を取り上げながら、徳川はそれを規則化したのみならず権威主義化した。3代将軍家光の頃には、すべての大名が、将軍への目通りを建前として事実上例外なく自分が藩主の間1年おきに江戸に住まねばならなかった。実際には、非常に形式的な謁見として月に1度か2度将軍に会うだけであった。残りの時間、大名は藩の行政や個人的楽しみに携わりながら江戸の自分の住まいもしくは屋敷で過ごした。1600年以前はたまに起こるものであり個人に関してであったものが、今となっては定期的で不可避で完璧に公のものになったのだ。

英語の文章と日本語訳があります。和訳は正しいですか

The alternative residence system effectively shackled the power of the daimyo, especially as they had to leave their wives and eldest sons behind in Edo when they returned to their domains. Only a very persistent and ingenious lord could plot rebellion if he had to spend half his time in the shogunal capital away from his territory in the country. Moreover, the costs of the regular journey to and from Edo, to say nothing of the expense of maintaining a permanent establishment there, taxed the financial resources of even the largest han. 和訳とりわけ、領地との間を行ったり来たりする制度は、大名が在地に戻る時江戸に妻と長男を江戸に残さなくてはならなかったので、大名の権力を効果的に縛り付けた。地方にある領地を離れ、将軍のいる都で自分が藩主でいるうちの半分の期間を過ごさなければならないという条件下では、非常に頑固でかつ巧妙な大名以外反乱を企てられなかった。加えて、江戸屋敷を恒久的に維持する費用はもとより、江戸との間を定期的に往復する旅の費用は大藩の加賀藩でさえも重い財政負担となった。

英語の一文なのですが、

By the time of the third shogun, Iemitsu, all daimyo virtually without exception and throughout thei r reigns had to spend alternate years living at Edo, supposedly in attendance on the shogun. という英文を 3代将軍家光の頃までには、全ての大名が藩主である間は、実質上例外なく、建前上将軍への参勤の為に隔年江戸に住まねばならなくなった。と訳した場合、正解になりますか？

英文と和訳がありますが、和訳は正しいですか？

The development of hereditary ruling councils owed much to the daimyo’s periodic absences in Edo fulfilling the obligations of the alternate residence system. The device of a ‘’traveling cabinet,’’ i.e., the daimyo taking one or more of his elders with him to Edo, enabled him to keep in touch with han affairs. Nevertheless, of necessity much of his governing authority had to be entrusted to those ministers he left behind in the castle-town, and even when the daimyo was physically in his domain, the prospect of having shortly to leave it again doubtless deterred him from interfering in the elders’ decisions. There was never a time in the Tokugawa period when a strong-willed daimyo could not make his influence felt, but all would-be potentates had to take full account of both national policy and established local practice. 和訳世襲的な大老執政の発達は、大名が参勤交代の義務を果たしながら大名が定期的に江戸に行って（領地から）不在になることに負うところが多かった。大名が長老のうち1人もしくはそれ以上を江戸に伴う、すなわち、「移動内閣」という仕組みは、彼が藩の業務に携わることを可能にしたのだ。にもかかわらず、統治権限の多くは必然的に城下町に残った家臣たちに委託せざるを得ず、大名が実際に自分の領土にいる時でさえ、いくらももたないうちに再び出発せざるをえないという予測は、疑いもなく長老の決定に対する干渉を思いとどまらせた。徳川の世では、強い意志をもった大名にとっては幅を利かせられない時ばかりではなかったが、主君気取りの大名たちはすべて、国家的政策と確立している地域（藩）の慣習の両方を十分に考慮に入れなければならなかったのだ。

英語の文章と訳があります。訳は正しいですか？

The development of hereditary ruling councils owed much to the daimyo’s periodic absences in Edo fulfilling the obligations of the alternate residence system. The device of a ‘’traveling cabinet,’’ i.e., the daimyo taking one or more of his elders with him to Edo, enabled him to keep in touch with han affairs. Nevertheless, of necessity much of his governing authority had to be entrusted to those ministers he left behind in the castle-town, and even when the daimyo was physically in his domain, the prospect of having shortly to leave it again doubtless deterred him from interfering in the elders’ decisions. There was never a time in the Tokugawa period when a strong-willed daimyo could not make his influence felt, but all would-be potentates had to take full account of both national policy and established local practice. 日本語訳世襲による政権の発達は、大名が参勤交代の義務を果たしながら定期的に江戸を離れる事に負うところが多かった。すなわち大名が重臣のうち1人もしくはそれ以上を江戸に伴う「旅をし続ける執務室」という仕組みは、彼が藩の業務に携わることを可能にしたのだ。にもかかわらず、統治権限の多くは城下町に残った家臣たちに必然的に委託せざるを得ず、彼が自分の領土に実際にいる時でさえ、いくらもたたないうちに再び出発せざるをえないという可能性は、紛うことなく年長者の決定への干渉を思いとどまらせた。徳川の世で強い意志をもった大名が幅を利かせられなかった事はないが、権力者の地位をめざす者達はすべて、藩としての政策と地域の慣習の両方を十分に考慮に入れなければならなかったのだ。

英文と和訳があります。訳は正しいですか？

Basically, the answer is that although, Ieyasu, Hidetada, and Iemitsu accepted the existence of other centers of power and privilege besides the Tokugawa house, they managed to build a governmental machine which would control all of these rival elites indefinitely. Like Hideyoshi, the Tokugawa leaders contented themselves with ruling as ‘’first subjects’’ and deferred to the court by acknowledging the titular sovereignty of the emperor. Also, like Hideyoshi, they tolerated, within fairly broad limits, the independence of both daimyo and religious sects. Unlike Hideyoshi, however, they used their sweeping authority as shoguns to regulate the activites and relationships of court, daimyo, and clerics so as to keep these groups in a state of perpetual subordination. The great and abiding importance of the office of shogun lay in the amount of effective control it conferred on its holders. Whoever held it possessed a right to command which could extend, if need be, to each man, woman, or child in the country, and to every hectare of land in the country. An important point is that the successive Tokugawa shoguns were all formally nominated to their position by the emperor. 和訳基本的に答えは次の通りである。即ち、家康、秀忠、および家光は徳川家と並ぶ権力と特権の中心地の存在を認めたが、この3人はこれらのライバルであるエリートたち全員を永続的に統制する統治機構を構築することに成功した。秀吉と同様に、徳川の将軍たちは「第一の家臣」として統治することで満足し、天皇の有名無実の権威を認めることで、宮延に敬意を払った。さらに、秀吉と同じように、彼らはかなり幅広く大名と宗教勢力の両方の独立を許容した。しかしながら、秀吉とは違って、彼らは朝廷、大名、宗教指導者たちの永続的な服従状態を維持するように、これらの活動や相互関係を規制するための将軍としての全面的な権限を使用した。幕府の偉大さと永続的な重要さは、その保有者に与えられる実効支配の程度に起因する。それを保有するものは誰でも必要とあれば、全国の老若男女および全国の土地の隅々に至るまでに拡大することのできる支配権を有していた。重要な点は、徳川家の将軍はみな天皇によって公式に将軍へと任命された点である。

英語の文章と和訳があります。和訳は正しいですか？

The obedience of the daimyo was exacted under the guise of vassal loyalty. Those among them who had not already done so had to tender written oaths of obedience to Ieyasu after 1600 acknowledging him as their feudal overlord. These pledges were renewed by each successive daimyo of han, and by all the daimyo whenever a new shogun took office. Lords who disregarded Tokugawa wishes could be punished as disobedient vassals; the shogunate would reprimand them, retire them, or-in extreme cases-confiscate their fiefs. 和訳大名の服従は臣下としての忠誠心の名のもとに強要された。いまだそれに応じていない者は、1600年以降家康に、彼が武家の大領主であると認める服従を誓う誓詞を提出しなければならなかった。これらの誓詞は、個々の藩の大名後継者によって更新され、新しい将軍が就任した時はすべての大名によって更新された。徳川の意向に背く藩主は反抗的な家臣として処罰する事が可能だった。幕府はそうした者たちを叱責し、代替わりさせたり、極端な場合、領地を没収したりもした。

英文と和訳があります。和訳は正しいですか？

It would be more accurate, if less colorful, to say that han bureaucracy was lord of all it could survey. For, in domain affairs as much as in their relations with the shogun, the daimyo were ‘’victims’’ of bureaucratization; most of the authority they had wielded at the beginning of the seventeenth century as personal rulers quickly passed to councils of hereditary ‘’clan elders’’ (karo). 和訳藩の官僚が検分できるすべての君主であった、という方がたとえ面白みは減るにせよより的確であろう。それゆえ大名は、藩の事柄（内政）においても、将軍（幕府）との関係においてと同じくらい、領地問題では官僚化の「犠牲者」であった。すなわち、１７世紀の初頭では個人的な支配者として彼ら大名が振っていた権限のその大半が急速に世襲の「藩の長老」（家老）たちの評議会へ移行していったのである。

お手数ですが、次の英文を訳して下さい。

The alternative residence system effectively shackled the power of the daimyo, especially as they had to leave their wives and eldest sons behind in Edo when they returned to their domains. Only a very persistent and ingenious lord could plot rebellion if he had to spend half his time in the shogunal capital away from his territory in the country. Moreover, the costs of the regular journey to and from Edo, to say nothing of the expense of maintaining a permanent establishment there, taxed the financial resources of even the largest han. han　藩

英文とその日本語訳があります。和訳は適切でしょうか

They had a duty not only to protect the court and to keep peace within the country by controlling the daimyo but also to ward off any foreign threat to the emperor’s dominions. 和訳彼らは大名をコントロールすることによって、朝廷を守り、国家の平和を維持するだけではなく、天皇の領土への外国の脅威をそらす義務があった。

英文を日本語訳して下さい。

The shoguns and their ministers determined the course of Japan’s relations with the outside world from 1600 to the 1850s. They had a duty not only to protect the court and to keep peace within the country by controlling the daimyo but also to ward off any foreign threat to the emperor’s dominions. The Mongol attack in Kamakura times was precedent for this; and at the very end of the Edo period, when Westerners intervened in force in Japanese affairs, the Tokugawa went down to the cry of sonno joi-‘’revere the emperor, and expel the barbarian!’’ sonno joi　尊王攘夷

以下の英文を訳して下さい。

The obedience of the daimyo was exacted under the guise of vassal loyalty. Those among them who had not already done so had to tender written oaths of obedience to Ieyasu after 1600 acknowledging him as their feudal overlord. These pledges were renewed by each successive daimyo of han, and by all the daimyo whenever a new shogun took office. Lords who disregarded Tokugawa wishes could be punished as disobedient vassals; the shogunate would reprimand them, retire them, or-in extreme cases-confiscate their fiefs. han　藩

次の英文を日本語訳して下さい。

The two hundred and sixty domains varied greatly in size. The largest was that of the Maeda family in Kaga (Ishikawa Prefecture) and Etchu (Toyama Prefecture) provinces, with an official productive capacity of over five million bushels of rice (1,000,000 koku). At the other end of the scale lay numerous holdings rated either at or not very much above the 10,000 koku mark, which was the minimum needed for daimyo status. All domains were technically self-governing units, subject only to the broad requirements of Tokugawa hegemony and national policy. This meant that the laws in force in a domain issued from its own administrative capital or castle-town, not Edo; and that the supervisory officials were its own han samurai who were appointed by and responsible to the local daimyo, not the shogun. In the field of taxation, the han governments collected and spent revenues as they pleased, and the bakufu had no customary right to impose regular taxes outside the tenryo. koku　石　tenryo　天領

和訳を見てください。

和訳を見てください。 self-studyで英語の日本史を読んでいます。幕藩体制を説明する大切な部分なのですが、どうもすっきりしません。 The particular form of government which evolved from the baku-han system was certainly unique to japan, representing as it did the final maturation of two Japanese political institutions: the shogun as national authority and daimyo as reginal administrators. The force of authority which united the system was at the top feudal, particularly as it applied to the relationship between Shogun and daimyo. Yet within the administrative subparts, within the direct jurisdictions of the Shogun or daimyo, authority was increasingly exerted through bureaucratic means. 幕藩体制から発展した特殊な政治形態は、将軍を国家権力とし大名を地方行政官とした二つの日本の政治体制の最後の成熟を示した、確かに日本に特有のものであった。体制を結合する幕府の権力は、上部で、とりわけ将軍と大名の関係に適用されるとき封建的であった。しかし、行政的な準部分、将軍や大名の直接管轄権の範囲内では、権力はますます官僚的な方法で行使された。 at the top feudal は was feudalの中にat the topの熟語が入っていると考えていいのでしょうか。よろしくお願いします。

英文と和訳があります。日本語訳は正しいですか？

Ieyasu was always simple and frugal in his own habits, his only entertainment being hawking. He was notoriously careful with money, and there is a story that when he accidentally discovered that his ladies-in-waiting did not eat many vegetables if they were well salted, he promptly instructed his cook to make their dishes as salty as possible. Yet, as the years drew on, the retired shogun wished to establish a reputation for benevolence, although this attitude did not extend to Hideyori. If benevolence means a good natured regard for people in general, despite a lack of strong ties with particular individuals, a willingness to see other points of view, and a desire to work with others and not against them, then Ieyasu was benevolent. During his last few weeks on earth the old man completed long-standing arrangements to have himself deified, perhaps hoping to continue even after death the ‘’watching brief’’ he had come to exercise during life. If he does indeed live on as some sort of kindly, protective spirit among the cool huge cedars and clear mountain streams of his shrine at Nikko he will have had the reward of seeing his descendants preside for centuries over a peaceful and generally prosperous society, and the further satisfaction of knowing that the end of Tokugawa greatness was not altogether unworthy of its beginnings. 和訳家康は自身の習慣として常に質素倹約だった。彼の唯一の楽しみは鷹狩りをすることだった。彼は悪名が知れ渡るほどの倹約家であり、御殿女中達がよく塩漬けされた野菜をあまり食べないのを偶然発見すると、即座に自分の料理番に彼女らの料理をできうる限り塩辛くするよう指示したという逸話もある。しかし、人生の終わりに近づくにつれ隠居した将軍は仁愛という評判を確立したかった。この態度は秀頼には示されなかったが。仁愛が特定の個人との強いつながりがないにもかかわらず、概して人に対して温厚で敬意を払うことであり、進んで他人の考え方を理解しようという気持であり、他人と協力しぶつからないという欲求を意味するのであれば、家康は仁愛が深かった。恐らくは存命中に行使していた「監視の指示」を死後ですらし続けることを望みながら、地上にいる最後の数週間の間にこの老人は自分自身を神格化する長年のお膳立てを完成した。もし彼が日光の御宮の素晴らしい巨大杉と清流に囲まれて、何かしらの慈悲深い守護霊として確かに生き続けるならば、自分の末裔たちが何世紀にもわたり平和で総じて豊かな社会を総括しているのを見ると言う褒美を遣わされ、徳川がなしえたことの終焉がまったくもってその始まりに比べると取るに足りないことと知って更なる満足を得るであろう。

日本語訳をお願いいたします。

The French commanders were ordered by Joffre to continue the offensive on 23 August, as early as possible since his strategy depended on the success of the Third and Fourth armies. Ruffey replied in the morning that the attack could not begin until his divisions had reorganised and in the early afternoon, found that the Germans had forestalled another advance, by pushing the V Corps in the centre back for 8 kilometres (5.0 mi), which led to the rest of the army falling back level. In the Fourth Army area, the 33rd Division of XVII Corps had been routed and the rest of the corps had withdrawn during the night of 22/23 August. The 5th Colonial Brigade withdrew from Neufchâteau before dawn on 23 August, exposing the right flank of XII Corps, which also fell back. By the end of 23 August the survivors of the Third and Fourth armies were back to their jumping-off positions except for the XI and IX corps on the northern flank.

英語の文章と日本語訳があります。訳は正しいですか？

While Hdeyoshi lay dying in the summer of 1598 he arranged for five of the greatest daimyo to govern the country as a council of regents on behalf of his five-year-old son , Hideyori. The regents naturally had to give most of their time to the administration of their own large domains, and Hideyoshi intended them to do no more than keep watch over relations between the military leaders and the imperial court, the loyalty of the daimyo to the house of Toyotomi, religious affairs, and Japan’s foreign relations. In practice, supervision meant keeping a close check on the activities of a group of five commissioners, who were personally less powerful than the regents but had earned Hideyoshi’s trust as competent administrators. Mixed government by regents and commissioners managed to organize the recall of Japanese troops from Korea towards the end of 1598, but began to fall apart soon after that. 日本語訳 1598年夏の死の床で秀吉は最も有力な5人の大名を五大老として秀頼の後見として国を治めるよう取り計らった。五大老は当然、殆どの時間を彼らの広大な領地の管理に費やさなければならなかったので、秀吉は五大老らがただ軍の上部と朝廷の関係、大名の豊臣家への忠誠、宗教問題、日本の外交について注視することだけを意図していた。実際監督とは五奉行の活動に目を光らせることであった。五奉行は個々には五大老ほどの権力もなかったが、有能な代官として秀吉の信頼を得ていた。大老と奉行による連立政府は、1598年の暮れに朝鮮半島からの日本部隊の撤退を何とか計画したが、この政治機構はすぐに崩壊した。

英文と和訳があります。和訳は適切でしょうか？

As already pointed out, failure to comply with the bakufu’s injunction or requests could speedily land a daimyo in trouble as a disloyal vassal. Finally, the shogun’s prerogatives as feudal overlord allowed him to intervene at will in the domestic affairs of a han. Although cases of intervention were quite common, the bakufu cannot be said to have abused this right. It was usually driven to act either by a dispute within the han over succession to the position of daimyo or by outbreaks of serious peasant unrest which the local authorities could neither settle nor control. 日本語訳すでに指摘した通り、幕府からの強制命令や要求の不遵守は、裏切った家臣としてあっという間に大名を窮地に追い込めた。最後に、武家の統領としての将軍の特権として、彼は思いのままに藩の内政に介入できた。介入というケースはざらだったが、幕府はこの権利を乱用したとは言えない。それは通常、大名格継承をめぐる藩内のいざこざか、地元の領主たちが解決も制御もできない百姓一揆の勃発によりそうせざるを得なかったからだ。

英文を日本語訳して下さい。

By the end of 5 August, they were completely exhausted; their depleted ranks stumbled back to their bivouac lines at Romani and Etmaler where they were ordered one day's rest. Von Kressenstein had prepared successive lines of defence during his advance towards Romani, and despite losing one artillery battery and more than one third of his soldiers, fought a series of effective rearguard actions which slowed the pursuit by British Empire mounted troops and enabled his force to retreat back to El Arish.

英文と和訳があります。和訳は正しいですか？

Its provisions applied to all daimyo equally. The military lords were forbidden to: move troops outside their own frontiers; from political alliances among themselves; maintain more than one castle in their domain; marry without shogunal approval. Later prohibitions made it illegal for daimyo to do such things as coin money, enter into direct relations with the court of foreigners as coin money, enter into direct relations with the court of foreigners except with the express permission of the bakufu, ior build large ships except for trade. The military house legislation succeeded in its primary object of protecting the Tokugawa against daimyo attack and ushered in the long period of Tokugawa peace. Civil war, like religious war, became a thing of the past. 和訳その規定はすべての大名に等しく適用された。軍事力をもつ大名は次のようなことを禁止された：自国の国境の外に兵を動かすこと、大名同士の政治的同盟をもつこと、自分の領地に一つ以上の城をもつこと、将軍の許しなしに婚姻すること。後に制定された禁止令は大名が通貨や、通貨を用いて外国の宮廷と直接取引を開始すること、幕府の明確な許可なしに外国の宮廷と直接取引を開始する事または貿易以外の目的で大型船を建造することを非合法とした。軍事力をもつ大名への法律は、大名の攻撃から徳川を守るという一義的目的に成功し、徳川の長きにわたる平和な時代を導いた。宗教戦争のような内乱は過去の物となったのだ。

日本の封建制度規則と交互居住制（参勤交代）

英文と日本語訳があります。和訳は正しいですか？

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お礼 2015/11/20 23:11

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英語の文章と和訳があります。和訳は正しいですか？

英語の文章と日本語訳があります。和訳は正しいですか

英語の一文なのですが、

英文と和訳がありますが、和訳は正しいですか？

英語の文章と訳があります。訳は正しいですか？

英文と和訳があります。訳は正しいですか？

英語の文章と和訳があります。和訳は正しいですか？

英文と和訳があります。和訳は正しいですか？

お手数ですが、次の英文を訳して下さい。

英文とその日本語訳があります。和訳は適切でしょうか

英文を日本語訳して下さい。

以下の英文を訳して下さい。

次の英文を日本語訳して下さい。

和訳を見てください。

英文と和訳があります。日本語訳は正しいですか？

日本語訳をお願いいたします。

英語の文章と日本語訳があります。訳は正しいですか？

英文と和訳があります。和訳は適切でしょうか？

英文を日本語訳して下さい。

英文と和訳があります。和訳は正しいですか？

注目のQ&A

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