英和対訳の正確さとともに、江戸時代の藩政の特徴について| OKWAVE

英語の文章と訳があります。訳は正しいですか？

The development of hereditary ruling councils owed much to the daimyo’s periodic absences in Edo fulfilling the obligations of the alternate residence system. The device of a ‘’traveling cabinet,’’ i.e., the daimyo taking one or more of his elders with him to Edo, enabled him to keep in touch with han affairs. Nevertheless, of necessity much of his governing authority had to be entrusted to those ministers he left behind in the castle-town, and even when the daimyo was physically in his domain, the prospect of having shortly to leave it again doubtless deterred him from interfering in the elders’ decisions. There was never a time in the Tokugawa period when a strong-willed daimyo could not make his influence felt, but all would-be potentates had to take full account of both national policy and established local practice. 日本語訳世襲による政権の発達は、大名が参勤交代の義務を果たしながら定期的に江戸を離れる事に負うところが多かった。すなわち大名が重臣のうち1人もしくはそれ以上を江戸に伴う「旅をし続ける執務室」という仕組みは、彼が藩の業務に携わることを可能にしたのだ。にもかかわらず、統治権限の多くは城下町に残った家臣たちに必然的に委託せざるを得ず、彼が自分の領土に実際にいる時でさえ、いくらもたたないうちに再び出発せざるをえないという可能性は、紛うことなく年長者の決定への干渉を思いとどまらせた。徳川の世で強い意志をもった大名が幅を利かせられなかった事はないが、権力者の地位をめざす者達はすべて、藩としての政策と地域の慣習の両方を十分に考慮に入れなければならなかったのだ。

英文と和訳があります。和訳は正しいですか？

It would be more accurate, if less colorful, to say that han bureaucracy was lord of all it could survey. For, in domain affairs as much as in their relations with the shogun, the daimyo were ‘’victims’’ of bureaucratization; most of the authority they had wielded at the beginning of the seventeenth century as personal rulers quickly passed to councils of hereditary ‘’clan elders’’ (karo). 和訳藩の官僚が検分できるすべての君主であった、という方がたとえ面白みは減るにせよより的確であろう。それゆえ大名は、藩の事柄（内政）においても、将軍（幕府）との関係においてと同じくらい、領地問題では官僚化の「犠牲者」であった。すなわち、１７世紀の初頭では個人的な支配者として彼ら大名が振っていた権限のその大半が急速に世襲の「藩の長老」（家老）たちの評議会へ移行していったのである。

英語の文章と日本語訳があります。和訳は正しいですか

The alternative residence system effectively shackled the power of the daimyo, especially as they had to leave their wives and eldest sons behind in Edo when they returned to their domains. Only a very persistent and ingenious lord could plot rebellion if he had to spend half his time in the shogunal capital away from his territory in the country. Moreover, the costs of the regular journey to and from Edo, to say nothing of the expense of maintaining a permanent establishment there, taxed the financial resources of even the largest han. 和訳とりわけ、領地との間を行ったり来たりする制度は、大名が在地に戻る時江戸に妻と長男を江戸に残さなくてはならなかったので、大名の権力を効果的に縛り付けた。地方にある領地を離れ、将軍のいる都で自分が藩主でいるうちの半分の期間を過ごさなければならないという条件下では、非常に頑固でかつ巧妙な大名以外反乱を企てられなかった。加えて、江戸屋敷を恒久的に維持する費用はもとより、江戸との間を定期的に往復する旅の費用は大藩の加賀藩でさえも重い財政負担となった。

お手数ですが、次の英文を訳して下さい。

The alternative residence system effectively shackled the power of the daimyo, especially as they had to leave their wives and eldest sons behind in Edo when they returned to their domains. Only a very persistent and ingenious lord could plot rebellion if he had to spend half his time in the shogunal capital away from his territory in the country. Moreover, the costs of the regular journey to and from Edo, to say nothing of the expense of maintaining a permanent establishment there, taxed the financial resources of even the largest han. han　藩

英文と日本語訳があります。和訳は正しいですか？

The traditional feudal code of conduct between members of the military elite also justified the imposition of the alternate residence system (sankin kotai). Taking up the old custom of homage, by which a vassal had been expected to go every so often in person to pay his respects to his overlord, the Tokugawa both regularized and bureaucratized it. By the time of the third shogun, Iemitsu, all daimyo virtually without exception and throughout their reigns had to spend alternate years living at Edo, supposedly in attendance on the shogun. Actually, they only met the shogun once or twice a month at highly formal audiences. The rest of thetime the daimyo spent in their Edo mansions, or yashiki, attending to their own domain affairs and private pleasures. 日本語訳軍事力を持つ精鋭大名の間での伝統的な封建制度規則も交互居住制（参勤交代）の義務化を正当化した。家臣がしばしば自分の主君のところへご機嫌伺いに行くという古い臣下の礼を尽くすという慣習を取り上げながら、徳川はそれを事務制度化したのみならず、権威主義化した。3代将軍家光の頃には、すべての大名が将軍への建前上は事実上例外なく自分が藩主の間隔年江戸に住まねばならなかった。実際には、非常に格式ばった拝謁の際に月に1度か2度将軍に会うだけであった。残りの時間、大名は藩の行政や個人的な娯楽に携わりながら江戸の自分の住まい、すなわち、屋敷で過ごした。

英語の文章と和訳があります。和訳は正しいですか？

The traditional feudal code of conduct between members of the military elite also justified the imposition of the alternate residence system (sankin kotai). Taking up the old custom of homage, by which a vassal had been expected to go every so often in person to pay his respects to his overlord, the Tokugawa both regularized and bureaucratized it. By the time of the third shogun, Iemitsu, all daimyo virtually without exception and throughout their reigns had to spend alternate years living at Edo, supposedly in attendance on the shogun. Actually, they only met the shogun time the daimyo spent in their Edo mansions, or yashiki, attending to their own domain affairs and private pleasures. Something which before 1600 had been occasional and personal now became periodic, unavoidable, and completely impersonal. 日本語訳重臣大名メンバーの間での伝統的な封建制度規則も、領地との間を行ったり来たりする制度（参勤交代）の義務化を正当化した。家臣がしばしば自分の主君に敬意を表すためにじかに会いにいくという古い伝統への敬意を取り上げながら、徳川はそれを規則化したのみならず権威主義化した。3代将軍家光の頃には、すべての大名が、将軍への目通りを建前として事実上例外なく自分が藩主の間1年おきに江戸に住まねばならなかった。実際には、非常に形式的な謁見として月に1度か2度将軍に会うだけであった。残りの時間、大名は藩の行政や個人的楽しみに携わりながら江戸の自分の住まいもしくは屋敷で過ごした。1600年以前はたまに起こるものであり個人に関してであったものが、今となっては定期的で不可避で完璧に公のものになったのだ。

以下に英文と和訳があります。和訳は正しいですか？

Above all, he was lucky in having capable sons to take over the family fortunes when he died. Even though he was hardly a family man, and his wives and children meant little to him, the question of succession determined many of his attitudes. Certainly, in a period of thrusting and showy egotists who wanted as much as possible for themselves, the Tokugawa daimyo labored quietly for the good of his household, retainers as well as children, and refused to compete for purely personal glory. 和訳とりわけ、彼が死んだ時に家族の富を引き継ぐ有能な息子が彼にいたことは幸運だった。彼が家族的な男であることはほとんどなく、彼の妻や子どもは彼にとってほとんど意味が無かったとしても、承継の問題は彼の態度の多くを決定づけることになった。確かに出来るだけ多くのものを自分のものにしようとする出しゃばりで自己顕示欲の強いエゴイストたちの時代において、この徳川の大名は、家と家臣、そして子孫のために黙々と働き、純粋に個人に個人的な栄誉の為に争うことは拒否したのだった。

英文と和訳があります。和訳は適切でしょうか？

As already pointed out, failure to comply with the bakufu’s injunction or requests could speedily land a daimyo in trouble as a disloyal vassal. Finally, the shogun’s prerogatives as feudal overlord allowed him to intervene at will in the domestic affairs of a han. Although cases of intervention were quite common, the bakufu cannot be said to have abused this right. It was usually driven to act either by a dispute within the han over succession to the position of daimyo or by outbreaks of serious peasant unrest which the local authorities could neither settle nor control. 日本語訳すでに指摘した通り、幕府からの強制命令や要求の不遵守は、裏切った家臣としてあっという間に大名を窮地に追い込めた。最後に、武家の統領としての将軍の特権として、彼は思いのままに藩の内政に介入できた。介入というケースはざらだったが、幕府はこの権利を乱用したとは言えない。それは通常、大名格継承をめぐる藩内のいざこざか、地元の領主たちが解決も制御もできない百姓一揆の勃発によりそうせざるを得なかったからだ。

英語の文章と和訳があります。和訳は正しいですか？

The obedience of the daimyo was exacted under the guise of vassal loyalty. Those among them who had not already done so had to tender written oaths of obedience to Ieyasu after 1600 acknowledging him as their feudal overlord. These pledges were renewed by each successive daimyo of han, and by all the daimyo whenever a new shogun took office. Lords who disregarded Tokugawa wishes could be punished as disobedient vassals; the shogunate would reprimand them, retire them, or-in extreme cases-confiscate their fiefs. 和訳大名の服従は臣下としての忠誠心の名のもとに強要された。いまだそれに応じていない者は、1600年以降家康に、彼が武家の大領主であると認める服従を誓う誓詞を提出しなければならなかった。これらの誓詞は、個々の藩の大名後継者によって更新され、新しい将軍が就任した時はすべての大名によって更新された。徳川の意向に背く藩主は反抗的な家臣として処罰する事が可能だった。幕府はそうした者たちを叱責し、代替わりさせたり、極端な場合、領地を没収したりもした。

英文と和訳があります。和訳は適切ですか？

The most powerful regent was Tokugawa Ieyasu; it turned out that he had an able and implacable foe in one of the commissioners, Ishida Mitunari. This man never tired in his attempts to stir up trouble for Ieyasu by inciting the other daimyo against him. Apart from active intriguing, other, more static forces were at work. In the delicate situation following Hideyoshi’s death the preponderance of Tokugawa power was too great to be left alone. Ieyasu had either to take the final steps which would ensure the supremacy of himself and his sons, or face the prospect that jealous rivals would wait for a chance to humble them forever. Ishida’s schemings forced the issue. On 21 October 1600 an army eighty thousand strong, led by him but provided by a coalition of ‘’western’’ daimyo, attacked the same number of ‘’eastern’’ troops under the command of Ieyasu. 日本語最も力のあった大老は徳川家康であり、その結果、奉行衆の一人、石田三成の宿敵となった。この男は、対抗する他大名を扇動することで家康に難題を焚きつける企みを決して止めようとはしなかった。三成のおもてだった陰謀はともかく、その他の彼のもう少し地道な活動は機能した。秀吉は死後、難しい状況の中で徳川の力が非常に強くなり無視できなかった。家康は自分と息子の所領安堵の最終段階に入るか、妬んだ政敵が徳川を永遠に屈服させる機会を待つだろう見通しに向かい合うかどちらかを選択しなければならなかった。石田三成の画策は宣戦布告をもたらすこととなった。1600年10月21日、三成に率いられた8万人からなる強力な軍はあろうことか、西側と同じ兵の数を誇り、且つ家康により統制のとれた東軍に攻撃を仕掛けしまった。

この英文の和訳お願いします。

翻訳サイトではわかりづらかったので質問しました。 almoner？　がこちらのプリントのミスなのか辞書でもでてきませんでした。誤字はないと思います。 For most of his life he had worked as a commercial artist. "I did a bit of tickling" delicate lettering and design for advertising blocks. In his late sixties he experienced long spells of illness. When he was able to work he went as bottlewasher to a dairy. He was obliged to gibe up work finally because of ill-health and growing infirmity at the age of seventy-two. Since the death of his wife his social activities had contracted. He did not get up for long and rarely went out, except at week-ends for his pension and his shopping. Even his visits to an infirm brother living some miles away had fallen off. "I used to go over and see him every Tuesday night last year up to that fog we had in November. Then I just lay on my bed coughing my and coughing. Coughing all day and night, thinking my time had come. But it wasn't to be." He regretted not having children, especially a daughter, who "might have stood by me when I got old", and he had no nephews or nieces living in London. The neighbours saw little of him. Next door was "Mrs Lipstick and Powder, that's what I calls her, always going out." On the other side was "Mrs Fly-by-night. She rushes past me on the stairs now, like some of the others, without asking how I am. Not that I mind. But they used to do it and since I came out of hospital and go around just like a decrepit old man decrepit, yes - I suppose they don't like to ask how I am in case they feel they should do something. But there - life's like that, isn't it?" He had lost touch with all his friends and did not approve of old people's clubs. "They're all clicks of decrepit old people." His opinion of national assistance officials, doctors, almoners, and nurses was favourable, except that sometimes they "kept you in the dark" or "treated you like a little child". He had refused offers of a home help, mainly, it appeared, from a sense of privacy, shame of his home, misunderstanding about payment, and suspicion of the sort of woman who would come. His memories of contacts with doctors and hospitals were extremely vivid and he recalled at length some of his experiences. He talked about an almoner who was "a lovely looking party", about his new dentures, "I don't wear the top, it's more comfortable', and with pride about his one perfect faculty, his eyesight. On occasions when he could scarcely walk it never occurred to him to ask his doctor to visit him; he preferred to make painful journeys to the surgery.

以下の英文を訳して下さい。

The obedience of the daimyo was exacted under the guise of vassal loyalty. Those among them who had not already done so had to tender written oaths of obedience to Ieyasu after 1600 acknowledging him as their feudal overlord. These pledges were renewed by each successive daimyo of han, and by all the daimyo whenever a new shogun took office. Lords who disregarded Tokugawa wishes could be punished as disobedient vassals; the shogunate would reprimand them, retire them, or-in extreme cases-confiscate their fiefs. han　藩

英文和訳（とにかく分からないです）

以下の１文はAdam Smith-Theory and Politics-The four stages of Societyの４８１頁からの引用です。 From the system I have already explain'd, you will remember that I told you we may conceive an injury was done one when an impartial spectator would be of opinion he was injured, would join with him in his concern and go along with him when he defended the subject in his possession against any violent attack, or used force to recover what had been thus wrongfully wrested out of his hand. 質問は、この文は一体全体どうなっているのか、ということです。 you will remember that I....の「you」が全体の主語で、that節の主語はI、そしてI told you（that）we may....でまたthat節に入りyouが主語になる。（that）we may....はwe may conceive an injury was doneで終わる。ここで「one」がくるのですが、when以下は挿入で one would join....という風に「one」は主語であると考える。すると、one would join with him in his concern and go along with him when....に続く。あぁ、とにかくどこがどうなっているやら、そもそもoneは主語であっているのか、２つのwhenはどこにかかるのか、ということが分かりません。どなたか分かる方いらっしゃいますか？ From the system I have already explain'd,　の　the　systemは「占有することで財産権（所有権）が生まれる仕組み」を指します。

英文と和訳があります。和訳は正しいですか？

Its provisions applied to all daimyo equally. The military lords were forbidden to: move troops outside their own frontiers; from political alliances among themselves; maintain more than one castle in their domain; marry without shogunal approval. Later prohibitions made it illegal for daimyo to do such things as coin money, enter into direct relations with the court of foreigners as coin money, enter into direct relations with the court of foreigners except with the express permission of the bakufu, ior build large ships except for trade. The military house legislation succeeded in its primary object of protecting the Tokugawa against daimyo attack and ushered in the long period of Tokugawa peace. Civil war, like religious war, became a thing of the past. 和訳その規定はすべての大名に等しく適用された。軍事力をもつ大名は次のようなことを禁止された：自国の国境の外に兵を動かすこと、大名同士の政治的同盟をもつこと、自分の領地に一つ以上の城をもつこと、将軍の許しなしに婚姻すること。後に制定された禁止令は大名が通貨や、通貨を用いて外国の宮廷と直接取引を開始すること、幕府の明確な許可なしに外国の宮廷と直接取引を開始する事または貿易以外の目的で大型船を建造することを非合法とした。軍事力をもつ大名への法律は、大名の攻撃から徳川を守るという一義的目的に成功し、徳川の長きにわたる平和な時代を導いた。宗教戦争のような内乱は過去の物となったのだ。

英文の和訳をお願いいたします

以下の英文を和訳していただけるかたのみで。お願いできますでしょうか？内容的にまだ続いてる感じだと思います。どうぞよろしくお願いいたします。 Yet he had a fairly happy family life and childhood. Background and family history are important to him. He may have had a strong attachment or respect for his father, who was affluent and a sense of family pride. He may have missed out on parental love in his childhood. He would have grown reserved and cautious. May have had some health weakness or weakens of constitution. His interest would have centered on the family. He wanted to shine out. Make his family proud of him, and he would have helped other family members out and taken an interest in their lives and affairs.

わからない英文があります。

"John De Witte had, like the vilest criminal, to undergo, in one of the apartments of the town prison, the preparatory degrees of torture, by means of which his judges expected to force from him the confession of his alleged plot against William of Orange." -by means of which his judges expected to force from him the confession of his alleged plot against William of Orangeの意味を教えてください

英文と和訳があります。和訳は正しいですか？

Another single American, Weston, rented a large house with seven rooms on four levels, which he felt gave him enough "breathing space" and enough room for his many friend to stay in. The Japanese in his work place kept telling him that he had "too much space" for a single person and advised him to move to a smaller and cheaper apartment. They had no idea that space and comfort within a home have to pay a high price for that space. 日本語訳もうひとりの独身のアメリカ人であるウエストンは、彼自身にとって十分な「快適空間」と多くの友達が泊まるのに十分な部屋のある、地下を含めた4階建てに7つの部屋がある大きな家を借りました。彼はそれが十分な「快適空間」と多くの友達が泊まるのに十分な部屋をくれると思ったのですもっと小さくて安いアパートに移るようアドバイスしました。彼らは家の中の空間と快適さを得るためには高い対価を支払うべきだということがわからなかったのです。

この英文を和訳してほしいです。

There is some evidence that these improvements in the characteristics of elders have resulted in more positive views of aging. Tibbitts claimed that during the past 30 to 40 years, U.S. society has moved from holding negative stereotypes of old people to holding positive views in which elders are seen as being able to contribute to the quality of life for themselves, their communities, and society as a whole. Schonfield even argued that the assumption of negative attitudes toward old people is a "social myth" perpetuated by the gerontological literature. We will be examining these attitudes in derail in Chapter 2, but there does appear to be a substantial shift from negative to positive attitudes. The improvements in the physical, mental,social, and economic characteristics of elders have been so marked, and there have been so many programs and services developed for elders only, that many have begun to criticize these programs as discrimination in favor of the aged, or positive ageism. We will be discussing examples of positive ageism throughout this book; but the ones that have drawn most criticism so far are the Medicare program and some features of the Social Security System, such as the automatic cost of living increases in benefits and the tax-exemption of Social Security benefits for most elders. Perhaps these programs have been criticized the most because they involve the most money. Critics are beginning to argue that since elders are no longer deprived economically and since they are now much better off mentally, physically, and socially than they were in the past, it is no longer necessary or fair to continue the enormous expense of these special supports and programs available only to elders. Some argue that the way to reduce positive ageism is to make these supports and programs available to all ages on the basis of need. For example, they recommend that the national health insurance, which only elders now enjoy, be extended to all ages. It is clear that positive ageism is becoming an important issue and promises to become even more important as we are faced with more older people and more expensive programs for "seniors only."

和訳していただけませんか？

次の英文を和訳していただけませんか？１、He had not experienced that which all fiction taught him was the most important thing in life. ２、Hobbes, one of the greatest English philosophers, used to sing songs every night in his old age when all were gone and nobody could hear him, for his health, which he believe would make him live two or three years longer. よろしくお願い致します。

英語の一文なのですが、

By the time of the third shogun, Iemitsu, all daimyo virtually without exception and throughout thei r reigns had to spend alternate years living at Edo, supposedly in attendance on the shogun. という英文を 3代将軍家光の頃までには、全ての大名が藩主である間は、実質上例外なく、建前上将軍への参勤の為に隔年江戸に住まねばならなくなった。と訳した場合、正解になりますか？

英和対訳の正確さとともに、江戸時代の藩政の特徴について

英文と和訳がありますが、和訳は正しいですか？

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お礼 2015/12/11 00:19

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英語の文章と訳があります。訳は正しいですか？

英文と和訳があります。和訳は正しいですか？

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日本史の転換点？：赤穂浪士、池田屋事件、禁門の変に見る武士の忠義と正義

お手数ですが、次の英文を訳して下さい。

英文と日本語訳があります。和訳は正しいですか？

英語の文章と和訳があります。和訳は正しいですか？

以下に英文と和訳があります。和訳は正しいですか？

英文と和訳があります。和訳は適切でしょうか？

英語の文章と和訳があります。和訳は正しいですか？

英文と和訳があります。和訳は適切ですか？

この英文の和訳お願いします。

以下の英文を訳して下さい。

英文和訳（とにかく分からないです）

英文と和訳があります。和訳は正しいですか？

英文の和訳をお願いいたします

わからない英文があります。

英文と和訳があります。和訳は正しいですか？

この英文を和訳してほしいです。

和訳していただけませんか？

英語の一文なのですが、

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