英文と和訳の正確さについて -英文と和訳がありますが、和訳は正確ですか？-

お手数ですが、以下の英文を訳して下さい。

Restraints and qualifications notwithstanding, a daimyo was generally speaking lord of all he could survey-and often a good deal more-from the top of his castle’s keep. It would be more accurate, if less colorful, to say that han bureaucracy was lord of all it could survey. For, in domain affairs as much as in their relations with the shogun, the daimyo were ‘’victims’’ of bureaucratization; most of the authority they had wielded at the beginning of the seventeenth century as personal rulers quickly passed to councils of hereditary ‘’clan elders’’ (karo). Such councils were the local equivalents of the shogun’s senior and junior councils, and under their general control the routine administration of the domains was carried on by a small number of high-ranking officials (bugyo) and deputies (daikan or gundai) in charge of groups of villages. daikan or gundai　代官あるいは郡代

英文と和訳がありますが、和訳は正しいですか？

The development of hereditary ruling councils owed much to the daimyo’s periodic absences in Edo fulfilling the obligations of the alternate residence system. The device of a ‘’traveling cabinet,’’ i.e., the daimyo taking one or more of his elders with him to Edo, enabled him to keep in touch with han affairs. Nevertheless, of necessity much of his governing authority had to be entrusted to those ministers he left behind in the castle-town, and even when the daimyo was physically in his domain, the prospect of having shortly to leave it again doubtless deterred him from interfering in the elders’ decisions. There was never a time in the Tokugawa period when a strong-willed daimyo could not make his influence felt, but all would-be potentates had to take full account of both national policy and established local practice. 和訳世襲的な大老執政の発達は、大名が参勤交代の義務を果たしながら大名が定期的に江戸に行って（領地から）不在になることに負うところが多かった。大名が長老のうち1人もしくはそれ以上を江戸に伴う、すなわち、「移動内閣」という仕組みは、彼が藩の業務に携わることを可能にしたのだ。にもかかわらず、統治権限の多くは必然的に城下町に残った家臣たちに委託せざるを得ず、大名が実際に自分の領土にいる時でさえ、いくらももたないうちに再び出発せざるをえないという予測は、疑いもなく長老の決定に対する干渉を思いとどまらせた。徳川の世では、強い意志をもった大名にとっては幅を利かせられない時ばかりではなかったが、主君気取りの大名たちはすべて、国家的政策と確立している地域（藩）の慣習の両方を十分に考慮に入れなければならなかったのだ。

和訳を見てください。

和訳を見てください。 self-studyで英語の日本史を読んでいます。幕藩体制を説明する大切な部分なのですが、どうもすっきりしません。 The particular form of government which evolved from the baku-han system was certainly unique to japan, representing as it did the final maturation of two Japanese political institutions: the shogun as national authority and daimyo as reginal administrators. The force of authority which united the system was at the top feudal, particularly as it applied to the relationship between Shogun and daimyo. Yet within the administrative subparts, within the direct jurisdictions of the Shogun or daimyo, authority was increasingly exerted through bureaucratic means. 幕藩体制から発展した特殊な政治形態は、将軍を国家権力とし大名を地方行政官とした二つの日本の政治体制の最後の成熟を示した、確かに日本に特有のものであった。体制を結合する幕府の権力は、上部で、とりわけ将軍と大名の関係に適用されるとき封建的であった。しかし、行政的な準部分、将軍や大名の直接管轄権の範囲内では、権力はますます官僚的な方法で行使された。 at the top feudal は was feudalの中にat the topの熟語が入っていると考えていいのでしょうか。よろしくお願いします。

英文と和訳があります。和訳は適切でしょうか？

As already pointed out, failure to comply with the bakufu’s injunction or requests could speedily land a daimyo in trouble as a disloyal vassal. Finally, the shogun’s prerogatives as feudal overlord allowed him to intervene at will in the domestic affairs of a han. Although cases of intervention were quite common, the bakufu cannot be said to have abused this right. It was usually driven to act either by a dispute within the han over succession to the position of daimyo or by outbreaks of serious peasant unrest which the local authorities could neither settle nor control. 日本語訳すでに指摘した通り、幕府からの強制命令や要求の不遵守は、裏切った家臣としてあっという間に大名を窮地に追い込めた。最後に、武家の統領としての将軍の特権として、彼は思いのままに藩の内政に介入できた。介入というケースはざらだったが、幕府はこの権利を乱用したとは言えない。それは通常、大名格継承をめぐる藩内のいざこざか、地元の領主たちが解決も制御もできない百姓一揆の勃発によりそうせざるを得なかったからだ。

英文と和訳があります。和訳は正しいですか？

Its provisions applied to all daimyo equally. The military lords were forbidden to: move troops outside their own frontiers; from political alliances among themselves; maintain more than one castle in their domain; marry without shogunal approval. Later prohibitions made it illegal for daimyo to do such things as coin money, enter into direct relations with the court of foreigners as coin money, enter into direct relations with the court of foreigners except with the express permission of the bakufu, ior build large ships except for trade. The military house legislation succeeded in its primary object of protecting the Tokugawa against daimyo attack and ushered in the long period of Tokugawa peace. Civil war, like religious war, became a thing of the past. 和訳その規定はすべての大名に等しく適用された。軍事力をもつ大名は次のようなことを禁止された：自国の国境の外に兵を動かすこと、大名同士の政治的同盟をもつこと、自分の領地に一つ以上の城をもつこと、将軍の許しなしに婚姻すること。後に制定された禁止令は大名が通貨や、通貨を用いて外国の宮廷と直接取引を開始すること、幕府の明確な許可なしに外国の宮廷と直接取引を開始する事または貿易以外の目的で大型船を建造することを非合法とした。軍事力をもつ大名への法律は、大名の攻撃から徳川を守るという一義的目的に成功し、徳川の長きにわたる平和な時代を導いた。宗教戦争のような内乱は過去の物となったのだ。

英語の文章と訳があります。訳は正しいですか？

The development of hereditary ruling councils owed much to the daimyo’s periodic absences in Edo fulfilling the obligations of the alternate residence system. The device of a ‘’traveling cabinet,’’ i.e., the daimyo taking one or more of his elders with him to Edo, enabled him to keep in touch with han affairs. Nevertheless, of necessity much of his governing authority had to be entrusted to those ministers he left behind in the castle-town, and even when the daimyo was physically in his domain, the prospect of having shortly to leave it again doubtless deterred him from interfering in the elders’ decisions. There was never a time in the Tokugawa period when a strong-willed daimyo could not make his influence felt, but all would-be potentates had to take full account of both national policy and established local practice. 日本語訳世襲による政権の発達は、大名が参勤交代の義務を果たしながら定期的に江戸を離れる事に負うところが多かった。すなわち大名が重臣のうち1人もしくはそれ以上を江戸に伴う「旅をし続ける執務室」という仕組みは、彼が藩の業務に携わることを可能にしたのだ。にもかかわらず、統治権限の多くは城下町に残った家臣たちに必然的に委託せざるを得ず、彼が自分の領土に実際にいる時でさえ、いくらもたたないうちに再び出発せざるをえないという可能性は、紛うことなく年長者の決定への干渉を思いとどまらせた。徳川の世で強い意志をもった大名が幅を利かせられなかった事はないが、権力者の地位をめざす者達はすべて、藩としての政策と地域の慣習の両方を十分に考慮に入れなければならなかったのだ。

英語の文章と和訳があります。和訳は正しいですか？

The obedience of the daimyo was exacted under the guise of vassal loyalty. Those among them who had not already done so had to tender written oaths of obedience to Ieyasu after 1600 acknowledging him as their feudal overlord. These pledges were renewed by each successive daimyo of han, and by all the daimyo whenever a new shogun took office. Lords who disregarded Tokugawa wishes could be punished as disobedient vassals; the shogunate would reprimand them, retire them, or-in extreme cases-confiscate their fiefs. 和訳大名の服従は臣下としての忠誠心の名のもとに強要された。いまだそれに応じていない者は、1600年以降家康に、彼が武家の大領主であると認める服従を誓う誓詞を提出しなければならなかった。これらの誓詞は、個々の藩の大名後継者によって更新され、新しい将軍が就任した時はすべての大名によって更新された。徳川の意向に背く藩主は反抗的な家臣として処罰する事が可能だった。幕府はそうした者たちを叱責し、代替わりさせたり、極端な場合、領地を没収したりもした。

英文と日本語訳があります。和訳は正しいですか？

The traditional feudal code of conduct between members of the military elite also justified the imposition of the alternate residence system (sankin kotai). Taking up the old custom of homage, by which a vassal had been expected to go every so often in person to pay his respects to his overlord, the Tokugawa both regularized and bureaucratized it. By the time of the third shogun, Iemitsu, all daimyo virtually without exception and throughout their reigns had to spend alternate years living at Edo, supposedly in attendance on the shogun. Actually, they only met the shogun once or twice a month at highly formal audiences. The rest of thetime the daimyo spent in their Edo mansions, or yashiki, attending to their own domain affairs and private pleasures. 日本語訳軍事力を持つ精鋭大名の間での伝統的な封建制度規則も交互居住制（参勤交代）の義務化を正当化した。家臣がしばしば自分の主君のところへご機嫌伺いに行くという古い臣下の礼を尽くすという慣習を取り上げながら、徳川はそれを事務制度化したのみならず、権威主義化した。3代将軍家光の頃には、すべての大名が将軍への建前上は事実上例外なく自分が藩主の間隔年江戸に住まねばならなかった。実際には、非常に格式ばった拝謁の際に月に1度か2度将軍に会うだけであった。残りの時間、大名は藩の行政や個人的な娯楽に携わりながら江戸の自分の住まい、すなわち、屋敷で過ごした。

短い英文なのですが、

The remaining three-quarters of the country was parceled out among the daimyo t rule as their own do mains (han). という英文を残りの４分の３の国土は大名達に彼等が治める彼等の領地（藩）として分配された。と和訳した場合、正しいですか？

以下の英文を訳して下さい。

The obedience of the daimyo was exacted under the guise of vassal loyalty. Those among them who had not already done so had to tender written oaths of obedience to Ieyasu after 1600 acknowledging him as their feudal overlord. These pledges were renewed by each successive daimyo of han, and by all the daimyo whenever a new shogun took office. Lords who disregarded Tokugawa wishes could be punished as disobedient vassals; the shogunate would reprimand them, retire them, or-in extreme cases-confiscate their fiefs. han　藩

この英文を和訳して欲しいです。

Gerontology is defined as the science of aging. Actually it is made up of the knowledge about aging derived from many sciences, including biology, pｓychology, and sociology. Ｇｅｒｏｎｔｏｌｏｇｉｓｔｓ are the scientists who study aging. Gerontologists have been accused of focusing only on the declines of aging, and of assuming that the characteristics of the aged are the primary causes of the problems of elders. Such a focus on declines is a subtle form of ageism because it ignores the possibilities of growth and improvement with age. The assumption that the characteristics of elders are the cause of the problems of elders is another subtle from of ageism, because it ignores the extent to which the ageism embedded in our social structure and culture contribute to the problems of elders. The extent to which various theories in gerontology may contribute to ageism is discussed in Chapter 6. Geriatrics is the study of the medical aspects of old age, and the application of gerontology to the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of illness among older persons. Thus, while gerontology deals with all aspects of aging, geriatrics is limited to the medical aspects. Physicians may be subject to several kinds of ageism. Because they focus on illness and disability, they may forget that health and ability is normal among elders. They may be tempted to blame any difficult or obscure illness on old age and assume that nothing can be done about it. Geriatricians and other providers of service to elders may exaggerate age differences and needs of elders in order to promote their own service roles. Several gerontologists charge that gerontology is becoming increasingly "biomedicalized" and that this produces a negative view of aging. Kalish suggested that there is a "new ageism" found especially among advocates and service providers for the aged. It stereotypes the "elderly" in terms of the characteristics of the least capable, least healthy, and least alert of the elderly. It perceives the older person as, in effect, a relatively helpless and dependent individual who requires the support services of agencies and other organizations. It encourages the development of services without adequate concern as to whether the outcome of these services contributes to reduction of freedom for the participants to make decisions controlling their own lives. It produces an unrelenting stream of criticism against society in general and certain individuals in society for the mistreatment of the elderly, emphasizing the unpleasant existence faced by the elderly.

英文を和訳して下さい。

Its provisions applied to all daimyo equally. The military lords were forbidden to: move troops outside their own frontiers; from political alliances among themselves; maintain more than one castle in their domain; marry without shogunal approval. Later prohibitions made it illegal for daimyo to do such things as coin money, enter into direct relations with the court of foreigners as coin money, enter into direct relations with the court of foreigners except with the express permission of the bakufu, ior build large ships except for trade. The military house legislation succeeded in its primary object of protecting the Tokugawa against daimyo attack and ushered in the long period of Tokugawa peace. Civil war, like religious war, became a thing of the past.

この英文を和訳してほしいです。

There is some evidence that these improvements in the characteristics of elders have resulted in more positive views of aging. Tibbitts claimed that during the past 30 to 40 years, U.S. society has moved from holding negative stereotypes of old people to holding positive views in which elders are seen as being able to contribute to the quality of life for themselves, their communities, and society as a whole. Schonfield even argued that the assumption of negative attitudes toward old people is a "social myth" perpetuated by the gerontological literature. We will be examining these attitudes in derail in Chapter 2, but there does appear to be a substantial shift from negative to positive attitudes. The improvements in the physical, mental,social, and economic characteristics of elders have been so marked, and there have been so many programs and services developed for elders only, that many have begun to criticize these programs as discrimination in favor of the aged, or positive ageism. We will be discussing examples of positive ageism throughout this book; but the ones that have drawn most criticism so far are the Medicare program and some features of the Social Security System, such as the automatic cost of living increases in benefits and the tax-exemption of Social Security benefits for most elders. Perhaps these programs have been criticized the most because they involve the most money. Critics are beginning to argue that since elders are no longer deprived economically and since they are now much better off mentally, physically, and socially than they were in the past, it is no longer necessary or fair to continue the enormous expense of these special supports and programs available only to elders. Some argue that the way to reduce positive ageism is to make these supports and programs available to all ages on the basis of need. For example, they recommend that the national health insurance, which only elders now enjoy, be extended to all ages. It is clear that positive ageism is becoming an important issue and promises to become even more important as we are faced with more older people and more expensive programs for "seniors only."

英語の文章と和訳があります。和訳は正しいですか？

The traditional feudal code of conduct between members of the military elite also justified the imposition of the alternate residence system (sankin kotai). Taking up the old custom of homage, by which a vassal had been expected to go every so often in person to pay his respects to his overlord, the Tokugawa both regularized and bureaucratized it. By the time of the third shogun, Iemitsu, all daimyo virtually without exception and throughout their reigns had to spend alternate years living at Edo, supposedly in attendance on the shogun. Actually, they only met the shogun time the daimyo spent in their Edo mansions, or yashiki, attending to their own domain affairs and private pleasures. Something which before 1600 had been occasional and personal now became periodic, unavoidable, and completely impersonal. 日本語訳重臣大名メンバーの間での伝統的な封建制度規則も、領地との間を行ったり来たりする制度（参勤交代）の義務化を正当化した。家臣がしばしば自分の主君に敬意を表すためにじかに会いにいくという古い伝統への敬意を取り上げながら、徳川はそれを規則化したのみならず権威主義化した。3代将軍家光の頃には、すべての大名が、将軍への目通りを建前として事実上例外なく自分が藩主の間1年おきに江戸に住まねばならなかった。実際には、非常に形式的な謁見として月に1度か2度将軍に会うだけであった。残りの時間、大名は藩の行政や個人的楽しみに携わりながら江戸の自分の住まいもしくは屋敷で過ごした。1600年以前はたまに起こるものであり個人に関してであったものが、今となっては定期的で不可避で完璧に公のものになったのだ。

英文と和訳があります。訳は正しいですか？

Basically, the answer is that although, Ieyasu, Hidetada, and Iemitsu accepted the existence of other centers of power and privilege besides the Tokugawa house, they managed to build a governmental machine which would control all of these rival elites indefinitely. Like Hideyoshi, the Tokugawa leaders contented themselves with ruling as ‘’first subjects’’ and deferred to the court by acknowledging the titular sovereignty of the emperor. Also, like Hideyoshi, they tolerated, within fairly broad limits, the independence of both daimyo and religious sects. Unlike Hideyoshi, however, they used their sweeping authority as shoguns to regulate the activites and relationships of court, daimyo, and clerics so as to keep these groups in a state of perpetual subordination. The great and abiding importance of the office of shogun lay in the amount of effective control it conferred on its holders. Whoever held it possessed a right to command which could extend, if need be, to each man, woman, or child in the country, and to every hectare of land in the country. An important point is that the successive Tokugawa shoguns were all formally nominated to their position by the emperor. 和訳基本的に答えは次の通りである。即ち、家康、秀忠、および家光は徳川家と並ぶ権力と特権の中心地の存在を認めたが、この3人はこれらのライバルであるエリートたち全員を永続的に統制する統治機構を構築することに成功した。秀吉と同様に、徳川の将軍たちは「第一の家臣」として統治することで満足し、天皇の有名無実の権威を認めることで、宮延に敬意を払った。さらに、秀吉と同じように、彼らはかなり幅広く大名と宗教勢力の両方の独立を許容した。しかしながら、秀吉とは違って、彼らは朝廷、大名、宗教指導者たちの永続的な服従状態を維持するように、これらの活動や相互関係を規制するための将軍としての全面的な権限を使用した。幕府の偉大さと永続的な重要さは、その保有者に与えられる実効支配の程度に起因する。それを保有するものは誰でも必要とあれば、全国の老若男女および全国の土地の隅々に至るまでに拡大することのできる支配権を有していた。重要な点は、徳川家の将軍はみな天皇によって公式に将軍へと任命された点である。

英文と和訳があります。和訳は正しいですか？

Fudai han were usually small, but they were strategically placed around the Kanto plain, along an axis to the Kinai district, in Kinai itself, and on the borders of large tozama han. The fudai daimyo (about one hundred and thirty families) provided the bakufu with its councilors and senior officials, and those who received greater prestige, than they would have had as minor territorial lords. 和訳譜代は通常小藩であるけれども、戦略的に関東平野の周辺、畿内地区の幹線に沿って、畿内それ自体の内部に、それと大きな外様藩に接している所に配置された。幕府に老中、若年寄や上級役人を提供していた譜代大名（約130家族）は、領土の少ない君主としては、所有していた（であろう）よりも大きな威信を受け取っていた。

以下に英文と和訳があります。和訳は正しいですか？

Above all, he was lucky in having capable sons to take over the family fortunes when he died. Even though he was hardly a family man, and his wives and children meant little to him, the question of succession determined many of his attitudes. Certainly, in a period of thrusting and showy egotists who wanted as much as possible for themselves, the Tokugawa daimyo labored quietly for the good of his household, retainers as well as children, and refused to compete for purely personal glory. 和訳とりわけ、彼が死んだ時に家族の富を引き継ぐ有能な息子が彼にいたことは幸運だった。彼が家族的な男であることはほとんどなく、彼の妻や子どもは彼にとってほとんど意味が無かったとしても、承継の問題は彼の態度の多くを決定づけることになった。確かに出来るだけ多くのものを自分のものにしようとする出しゃばりで自己顕示欲の強いエゴイストたちの時代において、この徳川の大名は、家と家臣、そして子孫のために黙々と働き、純粋に個人に個人的な栄誉の為に争うことは拒否したのだった。

英文和訳お願いいたします！！

訳してみたものの、綺麗な日本語になりません！参考にさせて頂きますので、どなたか和訳の模範をお願いいたします。。。 (1)In another experiment, she found that when elders were presented with new computer exercises, they paused longer before reaching and took longer to complete the tasks, yet they made 50 percent fewer errors, probably because of their more deliberate. (2)Just as different parts of a person's body age at different rates, so do different parts of mind. As adults advance in age, perception of sights, sounds and smells takes a bit longer. and laying down new information into memory becomes difficult. The ability to remember something quickly also fails. And it is sometimes harder to concentrate and maintain attention. おねがいいたします。

英文と和訳があります。和訳は正しいでしょうか？

It is true that local autonomy was an integral part of the Tokugawa system, in the sense that the han had existed from the first as semi-independent and functioning entities. It is even more true in the sense that the domains became even more closely integrated in the overall administrative structure as time went on, and at the same time were able to consolidate their (albeit subordinate) position relative to the bakufu. Therefore, to talk of the ‘’Tokugawa system’’ or the ‘’Tokugawa bakufu’’ is useful when discussing the administrative structure and developments of the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, but after that these terms reflect progressively less of the actual state of affairs and, in particular, the distribution of power. 和訳藩が始めから半独立国家的に機能する物として存在していたという意味で、地方自治が徳川体制にとって必須であったことは事実である。さらに、時が経つにつれ藩が（徳川の）総合的行政機構により緊密に組み込まれていき、同時に幕府に対し、おのが地位（服従ではあるものの）を強固なものに出来たという意味でも事実である。よって、17世紀と18世紀初めの行政機構とその発展について論議する場合、「徳川体制」もしくは「徳川幕府」を語ることは有意義ではあるものの、こうした表現は徐々にそれ以後の国家情勢、特に権力の分配について表すものではなくなっていく。

この英文の和訳をお願い致しますm(**)m

However,it was never the case,before Europe unified the globe,that relations between states or rulers that were members of different regional international systems could be conducted on the same moral and legal basis as relations within the same system,for this basis was provided in part by principles that were culturally particular and exclusive: the unity of Christendom, the community of the faithful in Islam, the conception of the Chinese Empire as the Middle Kingdom. よろしくお願いします

英文と和訳の正確さについて

英文と和訳があります。和訳は正しいですか？

質問者が選んだベストアンサー

お礼 2015/12/07 11:14

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お手数ですが、以下の英文を訳して下さい。

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英文と和訳があります。和訳は正しいですか？

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短い英文なのですが、

以下の英文を訳して下さい。

この英文を和訳して欲しいです。

英文を和訳して下さい。

この英文を和訳してほしいです。

英語の文章と和訳があります。和訳は正しいですか？

英文と和訳があります。訳は正しいですか？

英文と和訳があります。和訳は正しいですか？

以下に英文と和訳があります。和訳は正しいですか？

英文和訳お願いいたします！！

英文と和訳があります。和訳は正しいでしょうか？

この英文の和訳をお願い致しますm(**)m

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