サムライの忠誠心と賞罰制度 -藩の大名は、忠誠心という名目の下に順従させら-

英語の文章と和訳があります。和訳は正しいですか？

The obedience of the daimyo was exacted under the guise of vassal loyalty. Those among them who had not already done so had to tender written oaths of obedience to Ieyasu after 1600 acknowledging him as their feudal overlord. These pledges were renewed by each successive daimyo of han, and by all the daimyo whenever a new shogun took office. Lords who disregarded Tokugawa wishes could be punished as disobedient vassals; the shogunate would reprimand them, retire them, or-in extreme cases-confiscate their fiefs. 和訳大名の服従は臣下としての忠誠心の名のもとに強要された。いまだそれに応じていない者は、1600年以降家康に、彼が武家の大領主であると認める服従を誓う誓詞を提出しなければならなかった。これらの誓詞は、個々の藩の大名後継者によって更新され、新しい将軍が就任した時はすべての大名によって更新された。徳川の意向に背く藩主は反抗的な家臣として処罰する事が可能だった。幕府はそうした者たちを叱責し、代替わりさせたり、極端な場合、領地を没収したりもした。

以下の英文を日本語訳して下さい。

For the later period, ‘’baku-han system’’ is a more accurate description. This development was facilitated by the seventeenth-century switch from force to moral persuasion association of all the daimyo, not just a section of them, with the and a general softening of traditional attitudes. From Ieyasu’s time, the great majority of daimyo had been divided into two classes: fudai and tozama. The former were literally the ‘’hereditary vassal lords,’’ the successive heads of families which were already Tokugawa vassals before the fateful battle of Sekigahara. The tozama, by contrast, were the ‘’outside lords,’’ whose ancestors had been Ieyasu’s peers in 1600 and had only sworn allegiance to him after his victory. Fudai han were usually small, but they were strategically placed around the Kanto plain, along anaxis to the Kinai district, in Kinai itself, and on the borders of large tozama han.

以下の英文を日本語訳して下さい。

By about 1800, Tokugawa administration at its topmost level had evolved into an elaborate coalition of different interests. These interests retained their separate identities, and important ties between them were frequently familial and tacit, rather than formal and institutional. The antagonisms that had once held sway were now little more than inherited memories, and there was a general acceptance of the existing regime for the sake of the rewards it conferred on court noble and daimyo as well as shogun, on senior cleric and clan elder as well as Tokugawa retainer. Beneath this pattern of government by a coalescence of elites lay the pluralistic structure of the baku-han system, with its diversification of administrative authority into one seminational and numerous local and autonomous power centers.

日本語訳をお願いいたします。

As already pointed out, failure to comply with the bakufu’s injunction or requests could speedily land a daimyo in trouble as a disloyal vassal. Finally, the shogun’s prerogatives as feudal overlord allowed him to intervene at will in the domestic affairs of a han. Although cases of intervention were quite common, the bakufu cannot be said to have abused this right. It was usually driven to act either by a dispute within the han over succession to the position of daimyo or by outbreaks of serious peasant unrest which the local authorities could neither settle nor control.

お手数ですが、以下の英文を訳して下さい。

Restraints and qualifications notwithstanding, a daimyo was generally speaking lord of all he could survey-and often a good deal more-from the top of his castle’s keep. It would be more accurate, if less colorful, to say that han bureaucracy was lord of all it could survey. For, in domain affairs as much as in their relations with the shogun, the daimyo were ‘’victims’’ of bureaucratization; most of the authority they had wielded at the beginning of the seventeenth century as personal rulers quickly passed to councils of hereditary ‘’clan elders’’ (karo). Such councils were the local equivalents of the shogun’s senior and junior councils, and under their general control the routine administration of the domains was carried on by a small number of high-ranking officials (bugyo) and deputies (daikan or gundai) in charge of groups of villages. daikan or gundai　代官あるいは郡代

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The fudai daimyo (about one hundred and thirty families) provided the bakufu with its councilors and senior officials, and those who received greater prestige, than they would have had as minor territorial lords. It was the fudai han which most faithfully followed Tokugawa precedent and exhortation in internal domain organization and legislation. It is not surprising, therefore, that the fudai houses should have been very closely identified with the bakufu. Its fortunes were their fortunes.

短い英文なのですが、

The remaining three-quarters of the country was parceled out among the daimyo t rule as their own do mains (han). という英文を残りの４分の３の国土は大名達に彼等が治める彼等の領地（藩）として分配された。と和訳した場合、正しいですか？

英文を訳して下さい。

Central control was only one facet of Tokugawa government; local autonomy was also an integral part. Throughout their history as national rulers, the shoguns retained direct control over no more than about a quarter of the territory and people of Japan. This area had as its two focal points the Kanto plain and the Kinai district, and was known as the tenryo, or “heavenly domain.” The remaining three-quarters of the country was parceled out among the daimyo t rule as their own domains (han). In addition to functioning as local entities, han were combined with the bakufu to form a unique, viable, and interdependent nations political order. tenryo　天領　

以下の英文を訳して下さい。

Further west, the inhabitants of areas recently conquered or seized by European powers from the Ottoman Empire, exploited the unsettled conditions caused by the war in Europe, to regain control of their lands. Uprisings took place in Morocco and Niger against the French colonialists, some of which lasted longer than the First World War. In Sudan, hostilities took place between the Anglo-Egyptians and the Sultan of Darfur, who was believed to have prepared an invasion of Egypt, to be synchronised with Senussi operations on the western frontier. Operations by the British were conducted by small numbers of men equipped with motor vehicles, aircraft and wireless, which multiplied their effectiveness and enabled them frequently to surprise their opponents by the speed of their manoeuvres.

以下の英文について教えてください

The mournful truth that a man — every man-must die alone, had been thrust sharply into my mind and kept there by the frequent violent attacks of my malady I suffered at that time, every one of which threatened to be the last. （中略） Then my mother died. Her perfect health failed her suddenly, and her decline was not long. But she suffered much, and on the last occasion of my being with her at her bedside she told me that she was very tired and had no fear of death, and would be glad to go but for the thought of leaving me in such a precarious state of health and with a mind distressed. Even then she put no questions to me, but only expressed the hope that her prayers for me would be answered and that at the last we should be together again. I cannot say, as I might say in the case of any other relation or friend, that I had lost her. （中略） It came to me as a great surprise a few years ago to have my secret and most cherished feelings about my own mother expressed to me as I had never heard them expressed before by a friend who, albeit still young, has made himself a name in the world, one who had never known a mother, she having died during his infancy. ＜最後のIt came to me～の英文について＞： It came to me as a great surprise a few years ago～のasは「～として」ですか？ as I had never heard them expressed ～のasは「～のように」ですか？（themはmy secret and most cherished feelings ？） my own mother expressed to me as I had never heard them expressed before by a friend のところの意味がよくわからないのですが、 expressedの取り方は、 my own mother expressed to me私自身の母親が私に表現した、 I had never heard them expressed私はそれらが表現されるのを決して聞いたことがない、ですか？ she having died during his infancyここは独立分詞構文で、「彼女は彼の幼年時代に亡くなってしまったので」？ ----Far Away and Long Ago :W.H.Hudson

お手数ですが、次の英文を訳して下さい。

The alternative residence system effectively shackled the power of the daimyo, especially as they had to leave their wives and eldest sons behind in Edo when they returned to their domains. Only a very persistent and ingenious lord could plot rebellion if he had to spend half his time in the shogunal capital away from his territory in the country. Moreover, the costs of the regular journey to and from Edo, to say nothing of the expense of maintaining a permanent establishment there, taxed the financial resources of even the largest han. han　藩

以下の英文が合っているか確認願います！

以下の英文が合っているか確認願います。間違っていたら英訳のしなおしをお願いします。 ---- 忍者は大名や領主などの雇い主に仕え、諜報活動、破壊活動、浸透戦術、暗殺などの仕事をしていました。 Serving their employers, such as daimyo lords, ninja were working for collection of information, destruction of facilities, conciliatory of people and assassination. --- 回答よろしくお願いします。

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When the Australians reached the Ottoman trenches they found them roofed with pine logs with no easy entrance, which had not been identified by aerial reconnaissance during the planning stages. As the Ottoman defenders recovered from the artillery barrage, they began firing at the Australians through specially cut holes at point blank range. As the second and third waves of the attack came up, some of the Australians fired, grenaded and bayoneted from above, while some found their way inside through gaps or by lifting the logs, which were in places as thick as 4 inches (10 cm) by 9 inches (23 cm). Others ran on past to the open communications and support trenches behind, where they were able to gain access to the trenches; about 70 Ottoman troops were captured as they attempted to escape and ran into the Australians entering the trenches. Small groups of Australians managed to push through to The Cup where they were stopped by Ottoman troops who were hastily assembled to defend their regimental headquarters. In the ensuing fighting there, almost all of the Australians were killed, while a handful were taken prisoner. In the Ottoman trenches, the darkness and cramped conditions led to considerable confusion amongst the attackers. Due to concerns of shooting their comrades, the Australians were unable to fire their rifles initially, and the fighting devolved into a melee as the soldiers attacked each other with bayonets and grenades. The first Australians to enter the position were picked off by the defenders, but as the Australians established themselves in strength, they were able to break into the position before the defenders that had been sheltering in the tunnels behind the front line were able to fully respond. Over the space of half an hour the Australians took control of the position and, after ejecting the remaining Ottomans from the main trench, they established a number of defensive positions along the line. These amounted to positions in the communication trenches on the flanks of the captured ground and about seven or eight posts in the centre that were "isolated" but connected by hastily dug saps. For the Australians, the attack had been successful, as they had gained possession of the main Ottoman line, and after being halted at The Cup they began preparing to defend their gains. Hastily erecting sandbag barriers along the parapet, they settled down to wait for the first counterattack. As they did so, the brigade reserve—the 1st Battalion—was brought up. Due to crowding in the tunnels that had been used for the attack, the reinforcements were sent via the open ground that had been in front of the old Ottoman positions; despite being behind the recently captured position, the ground was still subjected to heavy Ottoman artillery and machine-gun fire, which was being poured down from positions in overwatch on the flanks.

英文と和訳があります。和訳は適切でしょうか？

As already pointed out, failure to comply with the bakufu’s injunction or requests could speedily land a daimyo in trouble as a disloyal vassal. Finally, the shogun’s prerogatives as feudal overlord allowed him to intervene at will in the domestic affairs of a han. Although cases of intervention were quite common, the bakufu cannot be said to have abused this right. It was usually driven to act either by a dispute within the han over succession to the position of daimyo or by outbreaks of serious peasant unrest which the local authorities could neither settle nor control. 日本語訳すでに指摘した通り、幕府からの強制命令や要求の不遵守は、裏切った家臣としてあっという間に大名を窮地に追い込めた。最後に、武家の統領としての将軍の特権として、彼は思いのままに藩の内政に介入できた。介入というケースはざらだったが、幕府はこの権利を乱用したとは言えない。それは通常、大名格継承をめぐる藩内のいざこざか、地元の領主たちが解決も制御もできない百姓一揆の勃発によりそうせざるを得なかったからだ。

英文と日本語訳があります。和訳は正しいですか？

The traditional feudal code of conduct between members of the military elite also justified the imposition of the alternate residence system (sankin kotai). Taking up the old custom of homage, by which a vassal had been expected to go every so often in person to pay his respects to his overlord, the Tokugawa both regularized and bureaucratized it. By the time of the third shogun, Iemitsu, all daimyo virtually without exception and throughout their reigns had to spend alternate years living at Edo, supposedly in attendance on the shogun. Actually, they only met the shogun once or twice a month at highly formal audiences. The rest of thetime the daimyo spent in their Edo mansions, or yashiki, attending to their own domain affairs and private pleasures. 日本語訳軍事力を持つ精鋭大名の間での伝統的な封建制度規則も交互居住制（参勤交代）の義務化を正当化した。家臣がしばしば自分の主君のところへご機嫌伺いに行くという古い臣下の礼を尽くすという慣習を取り上げながら、徳川はそれを事務制度化したのみならず、権威主義化した。3代将軍家光の頃には、すべての大名が将軍への建前上は事実上例外なく自分が藩主の間隔年江戸に住まねばならなかった。実際には、非常に格式ばった拝謁の際に月に1度か2度将軍に会うだけであった。残りの時間、大名は藩の行政や個人的な娯楽に携わりながら江戸の自分の住まい、すなわち、屋敷で過ごした。

以下の英文を訳して下さい。

Comparatively, the Indian units were even more ill-equipped for modern war than the rest of troops of Britain's empire. Indian divisions had less artillery assigned to it. At the start of the war, an Indian Division had one brigade of artillery, as opposed to the three assigned to a British European division. What artillery that an Indian division did have was typically lighter, more suited for expeditions along the North-West Frontier. Its troops were deliberately kept a generation behind in infantry weaponry. During their time in France, the Indian Corps divisions had been brought up to date with the latest weaponry, including flare guns and bombs. However, when withdrawn from France, most of this equipment was left behind in France for their replacements to use. To manage the fighting of this ad-hoc unit, Aylmer had almost no staff support. His staff for the relief force, designated as Tigris Corps, consisted of one staff officer, one wounded officer, and one brigadier who had failed to finish the Quetta Staff College. In addition to this staff, his collection of brigades would be under the command of the Major-General Sir George Younghusband, GOC of the 7th (Meerut) Division, who was without his staff. Just after the new year, Aylmer's ordered his force to move upriver from Ali Gharbi.

以下の英文を和訳して下さい。

Marshal Putnik ordered a full retreat, south and west through Montenegro and into Albania. The weather was terrible, the roads poor, and the army had to help the tens of thousands of civilians who retreated with them with almost no supplies or food left. But the bad weather and poor roads worked for the refugees as well, as the Central Powers forces could not press them hard enough, and so they evaded capture. Many of the fleeing soldiers and civilians did not make it to the coast, though – they were lost to hunger, disease, attacks by enemy forces and Albanian tribal bands. The circumstances of the retreat were disastrous, and all told, only some 155,000 Serbs, mostly soldiers, reached the coast of the Adriatic Sea, and embarked on Allied transport ships that carried the army to various Greek islands (many to Corfu) before being sent to Salonika. The evacuation of the Serbian army from Albania was completed on 10 February. The survivors were so weakened that thousands of them died from sheer exhaustion in the weeks after their rescue. Marshal Putnik had to be carried during the whole retreat and he died a bit more than a year later in a hospital in France.

英文の解説をお願いします。

英文の解説をお願いします。 Clouds of the Storm brings back adventurer Murdock Leonard as a younger man, played again by Han Waitsfield, who also narrates the film. 訳『嵐の雲』は、冒険者マードック・レオナルドの若き日にさかのぼる。演じるのは再びハン・ウェイツフィールドで、彼が映画のナレーションも担当している。 brings back adventurer Murdock Leonard as a younger man の部分がよく分かりません。bring back～as～がどうして上の訳になるのでしょう。宜しくお願いします。

以下の英文を訳して下さい。

Colonel Khalil Pasha's XIII Corps, composed up of 35th and 52nd Infantry Divisions, moved down river to block any advance by the Tigris Corps. The 52nd Division had arrived in region in time to take part in the Battle of Ctesiphon and the early stages of the siege of Kut. It was a war formed division which originally served in Caucasus region before being rushed to the Mesopotamian theater. The 35th Division, on the other hand, was a pre-war division that had originally been assigned to defend the Basra and Baghdad vilayets. Along with the 38th Division, they had unsuccessfully opposed the I.E.F. "D" initial advances. After suffering heavy casualties, the survivors of the 35th and 38th Divisions had been consolidated into a single division. While this brought the 35th Division up to something close to an effective combat strength, it also brought with it the morale problems which had existed in the 38th Division. The 38th Division had been composed primarily of levies from the Arab and Kurdish populations. Neither group felt any particular attachment to the Ottoman government. Their loyalty was suspect, and discipline was always a problem. Between them, the 35th and 52nd Divisions would be able to muster approximately 9000 infantry, 20 artillery pieces, a brigade of cavalry, as well as a group of mounted Arab irregulars.

（1）以下の英文について教えてください。

There were six of them, the best and bravest of the hero's companions. Turning back from his post in the bows, Odysseus was in time to see them lifted, struggling, into the air, to hear their screams, the desperate repetition of his own name. The survivors could only look on, helplessly, while Scylla "at the mouth of her cave devoured them, still screaming, still stretching out their hands to me in the frightful struggle." And Odysseus adds that it was the most dreadful and lamentable sight he ever saw in all his "explorations of the passes of the sea." We can believe it; Homer's brief description (the too poetic simile is a later interpolation) convinces us. Later, the danger passed, Odysseus and his men went ashore for the night and, on the Sicilian beach, prepared their supper—prepared it, says Homer, ‘expertly.’ The Twelfth Book of the Odyssey concludes with these words. “When they had satisfied their thirst and hunger, they thought of their dear companions and wept, and in the midst of their tears sleep came gently upon them.” この英文について質問があります。 Turning back from his post in the bowsというのは、bowsが「矢」で、postが「持ち場」の意味になるのでしょうか？ Later, the danger passed, Odysseus and his men went ashore for the night and, on the Sicilian beach, prepared their supper—prepared it, says Homer, ‘expertly.’ ここのsays Homer, ‘expertly.’というのは、Homerが"Odysseus"を上手く書いた、という意味ですか？　また、prepared their supper—prepared itのハイフンの意味がよくわからない感じです。言い換えているのはなぜなのか？？お手数をおかけしますが、よろしくお願いします。（2）に続きます。 ---------------Tragedy and the Whole Truth： Aldous Huxley

サムライの忠誠心と賞罰制度

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お礼 2015/11/01 17:25

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英語の文章と和訳があります。和訳は正しいですか？

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短い英文なのですが、

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英文と日本語訳があります。和訳は正しいですか？

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