語学

To complain that life has no joys while there is a single creature whom we can relieve by our bounty, assist by our counsels or enliven by our presence, is ... just as rational as to die of thirst with the cup in our hands. 上の文章の和訳お願いします。

和訳はあっているでしょうか？添削をお願いいたします(外国人です) ※preceding paragraphs 例えば、「１頁１行から９２頁１２行目」までという意味です。 ※この英文は訴状で使われています。「請求の趣旨」の書くところでこの英文はよく使います。 ※A,B、２回和訳しましたが、両方はだめかも。。。正しい書き方は何ですか？ Plaintiff realleges and incorporates herein all the preceding paragraphs. A 原告は、前のすべての段落をここに組み込まれる。 B 原告は、訴状のすべての段落をここに組み込まれる。

In the meantime, break out the rowboats, life jackets, and settle down for this classic riff. This one's coming to you from Brown's Christmas tree farm, where everybody's chipper. 町に洪水警報が出ているのを、その町のラジオ番組でＤＪが後ろに明るい音楽を流しながら伝えていて、そのときのセリフです。chipperは辞書を見ると、「元気な、快活な」と「木を削る人」と両方意味があるようなのですが、where以下はどちらの意味で、この文章はどんな訳になりますでしょうか。どうぞよろしくお願いいたします。

As one executive told Useem (1984:47–48): You’re damn right it’s helpful to be on several boards. It extends the range of your network and acquaintances, and your experience. That’s why you go on a board, to get something as well as give… It just broadens your experience, the memory bank that you have to test things against. 上記英文の邦訳をお願い致します。

I am a woman in my mid-60s. I was sexually abused by an older brother from the ages of about 8 to 11, although it may have occurred when I was much younger, also. I've pushed it to the back of my mind all these years; never told anyone except my gynecologist and a therapist a while ago. Despite this, I was able to maintain a reasonable relationship with this brother. Now he is quite sick and my two younger brothers expect me to join them in taking care of him. Quite simply, I resent being guilted into doing this. guilted into doing thisの意味を教えてください。よろしくお願いします

In late 1917 and early 1918, the end of the fighting on the Eastern Front allowed the Germans to transfer large numbers of men and equipment to the west. Buoyed by this but concerned that the entry of the United States into the war would negate their numerical advantage if they did not attack quickly and that massed tank attacks like that at Cambrai in November 1917 made far more areas on the Western Front vulnerable to attack, the German commander, Erich Ludendorff, chose to use the temporary numerical advantage to punch through the front line and then advance north towards the sea. In March, the Germans launched the Spring Offensive, against the Third Army and the Fifth Army on the Somme, which were understrength due to the small numbers of replacements being sent from Britain. In unfinished defences, the Fifth Army was forced back quickly after the first two days, as the Germans advanced under a heavy bombardment of high explosives and gas. As the Germans advanced steadily west, the Third Army also fell back on its southern flank and the railhead at Amiens was threatened with capture; Paris was bombarded by long-range guns. The Allies moved reinforcements to the Somme front and by the end of May, the German advance of the 1918 Battle of the Somme had been halted in front of Hamel. In preparation for a further attack, German railway construction companies were brought up and work undertaken to repair damaged railways in the captured ground. In early April, the Germans renewed their efforts, simultaneously beginning the Battle of the Lys in Flanders. The Germans managed to advance towards Villers-Bretonneux, a town on the high ground to the south of the Somme River. The terrain allowed artillery observers to see bombardments on Amiens, which was only 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) away, which was of great tactical value. On 4 April, the Germans attempted to capture the town with 15 divisions but were repulsed by troops from the British 1st Cavalry Division and Australian 9th Brigade during the First Battle of Villers-Bretonneux. After the first battle, the forces that had secured the town were relieved and by late April the area around Villers-Bretonneux was largely held by the 8th Division. Although it had been one of the best British divisions it had suffered badly in the German attacks of March, losing 250 officers and about 4,700 men, reducing its infantry by half. Replacements in the latest draft from Britain included 18-year-olds with little training.

Analysis More French reinforcements arrived in the latter part of April, the Germans had suffered many casualties, especially among the stoßtruppen and attacks toward Hazebrouck failed. It was clear that Georgette could not achieve its objectives; on 29 April the German high command called off the offensive. Casualties In 1937 C. B. Davies, J. E. Edmonds and R. G. B. Maxwell-Hyslop, the British official historians gave casualties from 9–30 April as c. 82,000 British and a similar number of German casualties. Total casualties since 21 March were British: c. 240,000, French: 92,004 and German: 348,300. In 1978 Middlebrook wrote of 160,000 British casualties, 22,000 killed, 75,000 prisoners and 63,000 wounded. Middlebrook estimated French casualties as 80,000 and German as c. 250,000 with 50–60,000 lightly wounded. In 2002 Marix Evans recorded 109,300 German casualties and the loss of eight aircraft, British losses of 76,300 men, 106 guns and 60 aircraft and French losses of 35,000 men and twelve guns. In 2006 Zabecki gave 86,000 German, 82,040 British and 30,000 French casualties. The Second Battle of Villers-Bretonneux (also Actions of Villers-Bretonneux, after the First Battles of the Somme, 1918) took place from 24 to 25 April 1918, during the German Spring Offensive, against the Allied lines to the east of Amiens. It is notable for the first major use of tanks by the Germans, who deployed fourteen of their twenty A7Vs and for the first tank-versus-tank battle in history. The tank battle occurred when three advancing A7Vs met and engaged three British Mark IV tanks, two of which were female tanks armed only with machine-guns. The two Mark IV females were damaged and forced to withdraw but the male tank, armed with 6-pounder guns, hit and disabled the lead A7V, which was then abandoned by its crew. The Mark IV continued to fire on the two remaining German A7Vs, which withdrew. The "male" then advanced with the support of several Whippet light tanks which had arrived, until disabled by artillery fire and abandoned by the crew. The German and British crews recovered their vehicles later in the day. A counter-attack by two Australian and one British brigade during the night of 24 April partly surrounded Villers-Bretonneux and on 25 April the town was recaptured. Australian, British and French troops restored the original front line by 27 April. The Second Battle of Villers-Bretonneux 第二次ヴィレ＝ブルトヌーの戦い

On 16 April, patrols went forward during the morning and found the area between the old and new front lines to be empty, the Germans still apparently in ignorance of the retirement; one patrol captured a German officer scouting for observation posts who did not know where the British were. Only in the late afternoon did German troops begin to close up to the new line and the British troops in the Battle Zone easily repulsed the German infantry, the 4th Army diary recorded that patrols discovered the withdrawal at 4;40 a.m. that afternoon. Next day, the Belgian Army defeated an attack from Houthulst Forest (The Battle of Merckem) against the 10th and 3rd Belgian divisions from Langemarck to Lake Blankaart by the 58th, 2nd Naval and the 6th Bavarian divisions, with help from the II Corps artillery. The Germans captured Kippe but were forced out by counter-attacks and the line was restored by nightfall. On the afternoon of 27 April, the south end of the outpost line was driven in when Voormezeele was captured, re-captured and then partly captured by the Germans; another outpost line was set up north-east of the village. Battle of Bailleul (13–15 April) Bailleul バイユール From 13–15 April, the Germans drove forward in the centre, taking Bailleul, 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) west of Armentières, despite increasing British resistance. Plumer assessed the heavy losses of Second Army and the defeat of his southern flank and ordered his northern flank to withdraw from Passchendaele to Ypres and the Yser Canal; the Belgian Army to the north conformed. First Battle of Kemmel (17–19 April) The Kemmelberg is a height commanding the area between Armentières and Ypres. On 17–19 April, the Fourth Army attacked and was repulsed by the British. Battle of Béthune (18 April) Béthune ベテューヌ On 18 April, the Sixth Army attacked south from the breakthrough area toward Béthune but was repulsed. Second Battle of Kemmel (25–26 April) French marshal, Foch, had recently assumed supreme command of the Allied forces and on 14 April agreed to send French reserves to the Lys sector. A French division relieved the British defenders of the Kemmelberg. From 25–26 April, the Fourth Army made a sudden attack on the Kemmelberg with three divisions and captured it. This success gained some ground but it made no progress toward a new break in the Allied line. Battle of the Scherpenberg (29 April) On 29 April, a final German attack captured the Scherpenberg, a hill to the north-west of the Kemmelberg.

Retirement from Passchendaele Ridge On 23 March, Haig had ordered Plumer to make contingency plans to shorten the line along the Ypres Salient and release troops for the other armies. On 11 April, Plumer authorised a withdrawal of the southern flank of the Second Army and ordered the VIII and II corps in the Passchendaele Salient to retreat the next day into the Battle Zone, behind outposts left in the Forward Zone of the British defensive system. The divisional commanders were ordered that the Forward Zone must be held and that the Germans must not be given the impression that a withdrawal was in progress. At noon on 12 April, the VIII Corps ordered the infantry retirement to begin that night and the 59th Division was withdrawn and transferred south, to be replaced by part of the 41st Division. The II Corps had begun to withdraw its artillery at the same time as VIII Corps on the night of 11/12 April and ordered the 36th and 30th divisions to conform to the VIII Corps withdrawal which were complete by 13 April, without German interference; VIII Corps HQ was transferred to reserve. During 13 April, General Headquarters (GHQ) discussed the retirements in the Lys valley, which had lengthened the British front line and Plumer agreed to a retirement in the Ypres Salient to the Mt Kemmel, Voormezeele (2.5 mi (4.0 km) south of Ypres), White Château (1 mi (1.6 km) east of Ypres) to Pilckem Ridge defence line but ordered only that artillery ammunition be carried to the rear; the 4th Army reported on 14 April, that the British were still occupying the Passchendaele Salient. The next day was quiet in the salient and the withdrawal of the II Corps and XXII Corps divisions was covered by the outposts in the original front line and artillery, which was divided into some active batteries which fired and a greater number of batteries kept silent, camouflaged and not to fire except in an emergency. Plumer gave orders to begin the retirement by occupying the line before the night of 15/16 April, while maintaining the garrisons in the outpost line and holding the Battle Zone with a few troops as an intermediate line. During the night of 15/16 April, the outpost line garrisons were to be withdrawn behind the new front line at 4:00 a.m. and the intermediate line in front of the Battle Zone was to be held as long as possible, to help the troops in the new line to get ready.

日本語を勉強中の中国人です。車の手配で出発時間は10:00から9:50に、9:50から10:00に変更する場合、それぞれどのようにその状態を述べるのでしょうか 「出発時間は10分間()。」 ()に入れられる言葉を教えていただけませんか。いま「早まりました」しか思いつきませんでした。10分間早くなる場合と遅くなる場合の言い方をたくさん教えていただければ嬉しいです。 また、質問文に不自然な日本語の表現がありましたら、それも教えていただければ幸いです。よろしくお願いいたします。

前提として私は日本人なのですが、幼少期に5年以上イギリスで生活していた影響か、発音やイントネーションがおそらく独特で、過去に「外国に長く住んでた？」と言われたことが数回あります。 仕事や友人関係に直接影響しているわけではないですが、外国人でも帰国子女でもない私が、発音やイントネーションに癖があるというのは、若干気になってしまうところがございます。 何か発音やイントネーションの癖を直すコツ、練習など良い方法はございますでしょうか。 出来れば日々の生活で改善できる方法をご教示いただけますと幸いです。 恐縮ですが、どうかよろしくお願いいたします。

日本語を勉強中の中国人です。ラーメンという食べ物は普通豚のスープでしょうか。豚の汁を使わないラーメンもあるでしょうか。 また、質問文に不自然な日本語の表現がありましたら、それも教えていただければ幸いです。よろしくお願いいたします。

日本語を勉強中の中国人です。 「もしまだお決まりでなければ、後日教えていただいても()。」 ()に入れる内容として、下記のいくつかのパターンを思いつきました。それぞれの違い、教えていただけませんか。また、それ以外の言い方もまだあるでしょうか。 1、かまいません 2、結構です 3、OKです 4、大丈夫です 5、問題ございません 質問文に不自然な日本語の表現がありましたら、それも教えていただければ幸いです。よろしくお願いいたします。

Welche Temperetur ist bei Ihnen in Moment? 聞き取りなので、間違いがあるかもしれません。 この文について 今自分がいる場所の今の気温はどのぐらいか？ という意味で合っていますでしょうか。 よろしくお願いいたします。

風が吹き止んだので今夜は雨になるかもしれない。 As wind stopped blowing, it may be raining tonight. may rain tonight は誤りでしょうか？

My brother is the older of the two. olderの前にtheは必要ですか

曇っています。Es ist bewoelkt. 曇っていません。Es ist nicht bewoelkt.? 晴れています、も答えとして使いますか。 使う場合、どの語を用いるでしょうか。 よろしくお願いします。

The way it works is . . .と文が続いています。 The way とit works の文法がわかりません。thatが省略されているんでしょうか？関係代名詞だとしたら、works は自動詞として使われているように見えますが、他動詞でit works the way という言い方があるのでしょうか？

ドイツ語の聞き取りで、（）に何か音があるのですが、語句が取れません。 desのような音がする気がするのですが… Scheint die Sonne, oder es () bewölkt? ※この問いに対する回答の仕方はEs ist～/ Die Sonne ～となっていました。 見当のつく方がいらっしゃいましたら、ご助言いただけると幸いです。 よろしくお願いいたします。

Ist das Wetter heute gut(一息)oder schlecht? を書く場合には Ist das Wetter heute gut, oder schlecht? でよろしいでしょうか。 カンマの使い方に自信がありません。 またこの質問への返答は、Das　Wetter ist gutで合っているでしょうか。 よろしくお願いいたします。