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(1)Today we refer to the medieval European era as the "Dark Ages", even though, as it turns out, it was a much more "enlightened" period of science than we commonly think. Indeed, significant discoveries in physics, chemistory, and astronomy were made by medieval scholars, (1) considerable resistance to their efforts by the religious oligarchy of the era.
(1) 1.whereas 2.although 3.as 4. despite
(2)But in one area of medieval knowledge, the expression "Dark Ages" may be appropriate, after all. Until the early thirteeth century, little progress had been made in mathematics - not because of any opposition from religious authorities, and certainly not for any lack of talent, but because such progress was likely delayed by by the awkward and inefficient numeration system in use at time - the Roman numeral one - which was based on several alphabet letters, each with a specific numerical value : I = one ; V = five ; X = ten ; L = fifty ; C = one hundred ; M = one thousand. To understand how awkward that system was, consider how the numeral " two thousand two hundred fifty-three" was put together : MMCCLIII= two thousand two hundred fifty-three.
(3)Now cpmpare the Roman numeral with the one we use today : 2253=two thousand two hundred fifty-three. Ours is clearly much easier to read, because the principle that is used to construct it is simple - the position of each digit in the numeral indicates its value as a power of ten. This is (3) our system is called "decimal" (from the Latin word decem, "ten"). Below is how the decimal numeral 2253 is read - note that "one thousand" can be represented by 10^3
(because 10^3=10×10×10=1000),"one hundred" by 10^2 (because 10^2=10×10=100),"ten" by 10^1, and "one" by 10^0.
(3) 1.why 2.when 3.because 4.how
お礼
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