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After the Central Powers launched Operation Faustschlag on the Eastern Front, the new Soviet Government of Russia signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany on 3 March 1918. This treaty ended the war between Russia and the Central powers and annexed 1,300,000 square miles (3,400,000 km2) of territory and 62 million people. This loss equated to a third of the Russian population, a quarter of its territory, around a third of the country's arable land, three-quarters of its coal and iron, a third of its factories (totalling 54 percent of the nation's industrial capacity), and a quarter of its railroads.During the autumn of 1918, the Central Powers began to collapse. Desertion rates within the German army began to increase, and civilian strikes drastically reduced war production. On the Western Front, the Allied forces launched the Hundred Days Offensive and decisively defeated the German western armies. Sailors of the Imperial German Navy at Kiel mutinied, which prompted uprisings in Germany, which became known as the German Revolution. The German government tried to obtain a peace settlement based on the Fourteen Points, and maintained it was on this basis that they surrendered. Following negotiations, the Allied powers and Germany signed an armistice, which came into effect on 11 November while German forces were still positioned in France and Belgium.The terms of the armistice called for an immediate evacuation of German troops from occupied Belgium, France, and Luxembourg within fifteen days. In addition, it established that Allied forces would occupy the Rhineland. In late 1918, Allied troops entered Germany and began the occupation.
Blockade
Main article: Blockade of Germany
Both the German Empire and Great Britain were dependent on imports of food and raw materials, primarily from the Americas, which had to be shipped across the Atlantic Ocean. The Blockade of Germany (1914–1919) was a naval operation conducted by the Allied Powers to stop the supply of raw materials and foodstuffs reaching the Central Powers. The German Kaiserliche Marine was mainly restricted to the German Bight and used commerce raiders and unrestricted submarine warfare for a counter-blockade. The German Board of Public Health in December 1918 stated that 763,000 German civilians had died during the Allied blockade, although an academic study in 1928 put the death toll at 424,000 people.
Polish uprisingIn late 1918, a Polish government was formed and an independent Poland proclaimed. In December, Poles launched an uprising within the Prussian province of Posen. Fighting lasted until February, when an armistice was signed that left the province in Polish hands, but technically still a German possession.

回答No.1

Nakay702 · ベストアンサー

＞After the Central Powers launched Operation Faustschlag on the Eastern Front, the new Soviet Government of Russia signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany on 3 March 1918. This treaty ended the war between Russia and the Central powers and annexed 1,300,000 square miles (3,400,000 km2) of territory and 62 million people. This loss equated to a third of the Russian population, a quarter of its territory, around a third of the country's arable land, three-quarters of its coal and iron, a third of its factories (totalling 54 percent of the nation's industrial capacity), and a quarter of its railroads.
⇒中央同盟国軍が東部前線で「ファウストシュラーク作戦」を開始した後、新しいソ連邦政府は1918年3月3日に「ブレスト・リトフスク条約」に署名した。この条約はロシアと中央同盟国間の戦争を終結させ、130万平方マイル（340万平方キロ）の領土と6200万人の人々を併合した。この損失は、ロシア人口の1/3、領土の1/4、国内の耕作可能な土地の1/3、石炭と鉄の3/4、工場の1/3（全国の産業能力の54％）、および鉄道の1/4に相当していた。

＞During the autumn of 1918, the Central Powers began to collapse. Desertion rates within the German army began to increase, and civilian strikes drastically reduced war production. On the Western Front, the Allied forces launched the Hundred Days Offensive and decisively defeated the German western armies. Sailors of the Imperial German Navy at Kiel mutinied, which prompted uprisings in Germany, which became known as the German Revolution. The German government tried to obtain a peace settlement based on the Fourteen Points, and maintained it was on this basis that they surrendered.
⇒1918年秋の間に中央同盟国は崩壊し始めた。ドイツ方面軍内の戦場放棄・脱走が上昇し始め、民間のストライキが戦争用生産を劇的に減少させた。西部戦線では、連合国軍が「百日攻勢」を開始し、ドイツ西部方面軍を決定的に破った。キールのドイツ帝国海軍の船員たちが反乱を起し、それがドイツ国内の暴動を誘発し、「ドイツ革命」として知られることになった。ドイツ政府は「14か条」に基づいて和平関係を設定しようとしたが、それは基本的に降伏状態として維持された。

＞Following negotiations, the Allied powers and Germany signed an armistice, which came into effect on 11 November while German forces were still positioned in France and Belgium. The terms of the armistice called for an immediate evacuation of German troops from occupied Belgium, France, and Luxembourg within fifteen days. In addition, it established that Allied forces would occupy the Rhineland. In late 1918, Allied troops entered Germany and began the occupation.
⇒交渉の後、連合国とドイツは停戦協定に署名し、それは11月11日に発効した。しかし、ドイツ軍は依然としてフランスとベルギーに居座っていた。休戦条項は、ベルギー、フランス、ルクセンブルグの占領地から15日以内にドイツ軍が即時撤退することを要求した。加えて、連合軍の軍団がラインランドを占有することを確約させた。1918年後半、連合軍はドイツに入り、占拠を開始した。

＞Blockade　Main article: Blockade of Germany
　Both the German Empire and Great Britain were dependent on imports of food and raw materials, primarily from the Americas, which had to be shipped across the Atlantic Ocean. The Blockade of Germany (1914–1919) was a naval operation conducted by the Allied Powers to stop the supply of raw materials and foodstuffs reaching the Central Powers. The German Kaiserliche Marine was mainly restricted to the German Bight and used commerce raiders and unrestricted submarine warfare for a counter-blockade. The German Board of Public Health in December 1918 stated that 763,000 German civilians had died during the Allied blockade, although an academic study in 1928 put the death toll at 424,000 people.
⇒封鎖　主要記事：ドイツの封鎖
　ドイツ帝国と大英国は、ともに大西洋を渡って輸送しなければならない、主としてアメリカからの食料や原材料の輸入に依存していた。「ドイツの封鎖」（1914-1919）は、中央同盟国に届く原材料と食料品の供給を止めるために連合国列強が行った海軍の作戦行動であった。ドイツの皇帝海兵隊は、主にドイツ軍の湾（入り江）に限定して、商業（商船）奇襲隊と無制限の潜水艦を使用して対抗封鎖を行った。「ドイツ公衆衛生委員会」は、1918年12月、連合国軍による封鎖中にドイツの民間人763,000人が死亡したと述べたが、1928年の学術調査では、死亡犠牲者は424,000人とされた。

＞Polish uprisingIn (→uprising　『 In) late 1918, a Polish government was formed and an independent Poland proclaimed. In December, Poles launched an uprising within the Prussian province of Posen. Fighting lasted until February, when an armistice was signed that left the province in Polish hands, but technically still a German possession.
⇒ポーランドの反乱
　1918年後半に、ポーランド政府が結成され、独立ポーランドが宣言された。12月、ポーランド人はプロイセンのポセン州で蜂起した。戦闘は、停戦協定が締結される2月まで続いて、そこはポーランドの手に渡ったが、機械工業などの技術面では依然としてドイツの占有（状態）であった。

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