言語学について
言語学の専門書を読んでいるのですが、いまひとつ内容が掴めません。
できればパラグラフ毎の要約を教えてください。
よろしくお願いします。
Since constituent order is universally one major means of expressing grammatical relations, one might ask whether ergative/absolutive and/or nominative/accusative systems can be manifested in constituent order.
Of course, the answer is "yes".
English, consistent with its strong nominative/accusative orientation, treats S and A alike in that the S of intransitive verbs and the \a of transitive verbs most neutrally occur in preverbal position.
The O of transitive verbs, on the other hand, is treated differently in that it occurs in post-verbal position.
In some verb-medial languages the verb and the O argument from a "tight" constituent in transitive clauses.
In Kuikuro, a Cariban language of Brazil, SV(intransitive) and OV(transitive) are very rigid structures.
The most neutral position for the A argument is following the OV complex(example 30a).
In 30a, the S argument of an intransitive verb occurs in preverbal position.
In 30b, O argument of antransitive verb occurs in preverbal position, and the A argument occurs in post-verbal position.
since both S and O occur in the same position, we can say that this language manifests an ergative/absolutive system in constituent order.
One language, Sanuma(a variety of Yanomami spoken in Brazil and Venezuela), is a verb-final language, SV and OV form tight constituents.
In transitive clauses A precedes O and V, but if there is any other constituent, call it X, it must occur after A.
Thus the orders are AXOV and XSV.
Since A is treated distinctly by being separate from the OV complex, this pattern can be considered to be a kind of constituent order ergativity.
In summary, any system that treats S and A alike as opposed to O is a nominative-accusative system fir organizing grammatical relations.
Any system that treats S and O alike as opposed to A is an ergative/absolutive system.
The following section will provide some suggestions to how to approach the analysis of grammatical relations.
お礼
● ご回答をお寄せいただきました jambon さん、wind-sky-wind さん、Ganbatteruyo さん には、深く感謝いたします。どうもありがとうございました。お礼を申し上げますのが、このとおり、たいへん遅くなってしまいました。まことに申しわけありません。 ● 真相を知りえない私がここで結論めいたことを申し上げるわけにはまいりません。ですが、ひょっとしたら、(1) (2) (3) のどれかではなく、(1) (2) (3) のすべての意味をこめて、"to introduce socially" と Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary は表現しているのかもしれませんね。 御三かたの回答が 3つ にきれいに分かれましたので。 ● サンクス ポイントは、ご回答の着順を基準に決めさせていただきました。Ganbatteruyo さん、どうもすみません。ごめんなさい。