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5. Conclusion
The relationship between nonylphenol (NP) isomer structure
and its biodegradability within the biological wastewater treatment
process of sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was investigated
in this study. The GC–MS method was used for detecting the NP
isomers existing in the SBR influent, activated sludge and effluent.
The results indicated that fifteen NP isomers were detected in the
SBR influent, with significant biodegradability variations among
these isomers. The NP isomers associated with retention time of
10.553 min, 10.646 min, 10.774 min, and 10.906 min in the GC–
MS analysis showed higher biodegradability. The isomers with
retention time of 10.475 min, 10.800 min, and 10.857 min illustrated
lower biodegradability, and these three NP isomers accounted
for the major part of residual NP in the SBR effluent and
the sludge. An increasing amount of these three NP isomers in
sludge was also observed with an increasing running cycles of
SBR. Through analyzing the mass spectrograms, the chemical
structures of four NP isomers in the wastewater were deduced.
The isomers with retention time of 10.475 min, 10.800 min,
10.857 min, and 10.774 min were identified as 4-(1,3-dimethyl-
1-propyl-butyl)phenol, 4-(1-ethyl-1,3-dimethyl-pentyl)phenol, 4-
(1-ethyl-1,3,3-trimethyl-butyl)phenol, and 4-(1,1,3-trimethylhexyl)
phenol, respectively. The correlation between the biodegradability
of NP isomer and its structure was then examined through
the calculation of the molecular connectivity index (MCI) and the
biodegradation rate of the four NP isomers in the SBR. A higher correlation
(with correlation coefficients of 0.9421 and 0.9085) was
observed between the biodegradation rates and the MCI of 2vv
and 4vv
pc, where 2vv indicated the number of the branch chain
and its carbon atom in the nonyl of NP, and 4vv represented the
information of the nonyl length of NP. The linear correlation analysis
indicated that a more complex side branch structure (such as a
larger side carbon-chain branch or more branches in the nonyl) of
NP isomer would lead to lower biodegradability, and a longer nonyl
chain of the isomer (such as that with retention time of
10.774 min) would result in a higher biodegradability. The understanding
of such NP isomer structure–biodegradability relationship
would provide valuable information for investigating the
environmental accumulation behavior of NP from WWTP effluent
in various aquatic environments.
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