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On Sunday, April 12, 1961, at 12:01 a.m., traffic from
East Berlin to West Berlin was stopped. Millions woke
up hours later to find that 10,000 soldiers and police
officers had put up a wall of barbed wire across the city.
68 of the 81 crossing points were closed. 12 railway lines
were shut down. All 193 streets that crossed from East
Berlin to West Berlin were divided. Operation Rose had
gone into effect, and not long after, a wall replaced the
barbed wire. For the next 28 years, Berlin stayed divided
into two cities.
The wall was built by the East German government
to keep its citizens from escaping to West Germany.
However, even the wall could not keep all of the citizens
out of West Berlin. East Germans tried to get out: over,
under, and through the heavily guarded wall.
Conrad Schumann was one of the first to leave.
The 19-year-old soldier came from the countryside to
Bernauer Strasse to protect the border. People from
both the West and East shouted at him as he stood on
the corner. The young soldier stayed there all afternoon,
smoking cigarette after cigarette, holding his rifle
nervously. Then, he suddenly threw down his cigarette,
rifle, and ran full speed toward the dangerous wire. The
athletic soldier just cleared the wire, as if jumping over a
high hurdle, and was in the West. Within 36 hours, nine
more guards had joined him.
In fact, by the end of that year, 3041 people tried to get
out of East Germany.
No one tried to get in.
22-year-old Harry Seidel was a cycling champion in
East Germany. Forced to take drugs to improve his
athletic performance, Seidel left for the West. After the
wall went up, Seidel began digging tunnels. He started
from a small garden in a home on Heidelbergerstrasse
in West Berlin. Within weeks, he had dug an 8O cm
wide tunnel that came up in East Berlin. 54 people got
through the tunnel t0 the West. He made several more
tunnels and helped large numbers of East Berliners
leave the country. In November 1962, however, he was
arrested and put in an East German prison.
On December 5, 1961, Harry Deterling, 27, made a
sensational escape. A train driver, he decided to try
crashing through a station that had been blocked off.
He carefully recruited 24 people for “the last train to
freedom.” In fact, he was not sure whether the train
would break through the barrier. Traveling at full speed,
his train was met by a shower of bullets. No one was
injured, however, and Deterling and his family settled in
West Berlin.
It might surprise people that 227 people died during
the 28 years that the Berlin Wall stood. However, when
we think about other countries that were divided during
the 20th century because of political or religious reasons,
such as N orth-South Korea; North-South Vietnam;
Northern-Southern Ireland, the number is amazingly
low. Moreover, when we look at Germany today, it
should seem remarkable at how smoothly the country
has come back together again. Invisible walls continue to
separate people all over the world; let us hope that these,
too, come crashing down one day.
