英文標準問題精講より(p.222)
The civilized man is distinguished from the savage mainly by prudence, or, to use a slightly wider term, forethought. He is willing to endure present pains for the sake of future pleasures, even if the future pleasures are rather distant. This habit began to be important with the rise of agriculture; no animal and no savage would work in the spring in order to have food next winter, except for a few purely instinctive forms of action, such as bees making honey or squirrels burying nuts. In these cases, there is no forethought; there is a direct impulse to an act which, to the human spectator, is obviously going to prove useful later on.
（質問１）to the human spectatorはどういう意味か。
解答には「人間の目には」と書いてあるが、なぜそういうふうになるのかが分かりません。意訳でしょうか？それとも辞書（ジーニアスなど）を使って理解できるものなのでしょうか？さらに、これを別の英語で言い換えるとどうなるでしょうか？
（質問２）"when a man does something towards which no impulse urges him," を別の英語で言い換えると以下の通りでよろしいでしょうか。
"when a man does NOT do ANYthing towards which impulse urges him,"
もし駄目な場合は代案を教えていただけると幸いです。
誠にお手数ですが宜しくお願い致します。尚、高校生にも分かるレベル（私は高校生ではありません）での説明でお願いします。
