Significant Differences in Chip Shape: Low Speed vs High Speed Comparison| OKWAVE

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When comparing chip forms at low and high speed, significant differences in chip shape are observed. Figures 5.6 and 5.7 illustrate the differences between typical chip collections at low speed and high speed, respectively. It is seen in Fig. 5.6a that many of the particles are in fact chunks of material rather than nicely formed chips. It is possible that the chunks were formerly parts of larger chips that have since broken down and that chip thickness values should be recalculated based on the larger chip size. It can also be seen that the high speed chips in Fig.5.6b are more consistent in terms of length, width, and depth. Their lamellar spacing is also regular in period, witch would indicate that cutting conditions at high speed are stable. Single chip formations are shown in Fig.5.7 While the width observed is similar to that for low speed cutting, Fig.5.7a is compared to the high speed chip form in Fig.5.7b. The chip length of high speed chips is much shorter than of low speed chips. This could be because at low speed the chip has a greater time in contact with the workpiece thereby removing more material, which is reflected in the increased chip length.

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最近切削加工に関する英書を購入したのですが、下記の英訳が全然うまく出来ません。なので英訳お願いします。 When comparing chip forms at low and high speed, significant differences in chip shape are observed. Figures 5.6 and 5.7 illustrate the differences between typical chip collections at low speed and high speed, respectively. It is seen in Fig. 5.6a that many of the particles are in fact chunks of material rather than nicely formed chips. It is possible that the chunks were formerly parts of larger chips that have since broken down and that chip thickness values should be recalculated based on the larger chip size. It can also be seen that the high speed chips in Fig.5.6b are more consistent in terms of length, width, and depth. Their lamellar spacing is also regular in period, witch would indicate that cutting conditions at high speed are stable. Single chip formations are shown in Fig.5.7 While the width observed is similar to that for low speed cutting, Fig.5.7a is compared to the high speed chip form in Fig.5.7b. The chip length of high speed chips is much shorter than of low speed chips. This could be because at low speed the chip has a greater time in contact with the workpiece thereby removing more material, which is reflected in the increased chip length.

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最近切削加工に関する英書を購入したのですが、下記の英訳が全然うまく出来ません。なので英訳お願いします。 To validate or refute the model described for machining micro-fluidic channels and to provide the material required to manufacture nanostructured metals pressings, machining experiments were con-ducted at the microscale. The machine tool was constructed to in-corporate a high-speed air turbine spindle rated to operate at 360,000rpm under no-load conditions. When operating at relatively deep depths of cut, the speed of the spindle decreases to approximately 250,000rpm .The table of the machine tool was configured to move in x-y-z co-ordinates by attaching a cross-slide powered by a dc motor, in all three principal axes. Each motor was controlled by a Motionmaster controller with a resolution as low as 500nm.The cutting tools used were uncoated. The high strain rate micromachining center is shown in Fig 5.5. The cutting tools were inspected at the end of all machining experiments using an environmental scanning electron microscope. The measured spindle speed was 250,000rpm during the machining experiments. The depth of cut was 100um for all machining experiments. The machining feed rate was conducted at 5mm/s(0.3m/min).The microscale cutting tool used was 700um in diameter and was associated with a cutting speed of 117m/min and a machining feed rate of 0.3m/min. The experimental results are shown in Table5.1. Machining experiments consisted of machining several materials including steel using the micromachining center. The machined chips were examined in an environmental scanning electron microscope where the lamellar spacing on each chip was determined. The curl radii were then compared with the calculated value derived using the idealized model, taking into account the degree of bending of the cutting tool.

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Kohlberg’s adolescent moral stage The operative moral principle in adolescence is often that if everyone misbehaved , society would not work; law and order are necessary or we would have chaos and so control over others. Interestingly, it is during this period of adolescence, when so many youngsters in fact have problems in accepting authority (or at least question it closely), that youngsters begin to feel very strongly about the importance of that authority for purposes of defining morality. よろしくお願いします。

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単数名詞の繰り返しを避ける that of の of の中身が複数の場合、それに続く動詞は単数で受ければ良いのでしょうか？複数で受けるのでしょうか？例えば以下のような文の場合です。 The performance of A is high, but that of B and C <is/are> low. but 以下の文章を単独で書けば The performances of B and C are low. になろうかと思いますが、前の文章に出てくる The performance of A が単数なので、that of を those of にする訳にもいかないように思います。宜しくお願いします。

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I am out of the country at the moment and it is my colleague you are speaking to. I am back on Friday and will make sure that the labels MADE IN USA will go on all of the bags and purses. Please bare with me till this Friday.

数学の問題です

問題が英語ですが、解き方と答えをおしえてください。よろしくお願いします。 kepler's First Law of Planetary Motion states that the orbit of a planet about a star is an eclipse with the star at one focus. The point in that orbit at which the planet is closest to the star is called "perihelion" and the point at which the planed is farthest from the star is called "aphelion". The eccentricity of the planet Mercury is approximately 0.206. The length of the minor axis is approximately 113500000km. Find the distance between Mercury and the Sun at perihrlion and at aphelion.

難関大学の英語の和訳

以下の文の解説と和訳お願いします。 it would be idle to deny that the development of the law of contract in most legal systems, and certainly in English law, has been influenced by considerable number of factors but it is probably exaggeration to say that two of these factors have been of far greater importance than any others. these are the moral and the economic or business factor. Although one of the first lessons which a law student must learn is that law and morality are distinct, it is none the less true that the law reflects to a considerable extent the moral standards of the community in which it operates. ここまで読んでいただきありがとうございました。

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Therefore, they are not prepared to enjoy leisure (Birren & Woodruff, 1973). The result is that many who retire are unhappy, and many who could retire choose to continue working. Retirement is seem as a kind of punishment, with consequent loss of self-esteem which sometimes result in suicide. During adulthood and old age, the suicide rate remains fairly level, at around 5 to 15 per 100,000 persons, except in white males, for whom the rate increases throughout adulthood and is greatest in old age (Toll,1975). お願いします。

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Failing health Old age is a time of failing health. Over half the elderly have lost their teeth; over half have problems with vision; about half have chronic health problems that limit their activities; and over a fourth have problems with hearing (Kalish, 1975). In addition, serious conditions such as arthritis, rheumatism, high blood pressure, and heart disease are more prevalent, and seven out of eight old people have chronic conditions of some kind (Bengtson & Haber, 1975). On top of all this, their incomes are lower and their health costs are higher than at younger ages. お願いします。

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(1)There are even antique 'snob screens', a kind of smoked glass partition that allows people to stand at the bar in privacy. (2)many local people drink there and customers are a mix of business people, students and even some tourists.

大学の数学教科書（英語）の一文がわかりません

The level column is the low end of your range, rounded down to an integer and clamped to the range [0, 50]. If we ignore the clamping, it is a conservative skill estimate in the sense that we are 99.9% confident that you are at least that skillful. 以上です。特に、If we ignore-のあとがわかりません・・

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Physical and mental dependency are dealt with in different ways, depending on the resources available. If income is sufficient, the old person may continue to live “independently” in his or her own home. Often, however, monetary resources are too low, and the old person moves in with relatives, usually one of his or her children. If this resource is unavailable, because no child is willing or able to take in the aged and ailing parent, then the only recourse is institutionalization. Only a very small proportion of the aged population is institutionalized, however, amounting in 1970 to about 4 percent of white men, 6 percent of white women, and 3 percent of black men and women. お願いします。

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It is only in Japan, where the levels of insularity, racism, discrimination and xenophobia are so high that this kind of thing is considered acceptable.”

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うまく訳せませんどなたかお力をお貸しください substituting into Henry's law，we see that X for the ith gas in a mixture is (Xi=pi/Hi) in which Xi, Hi, and pi are, respectively, the equilibrium mole faction, absorption coefficient, and pertial pressure of the ith gas.

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the　most shocking fact about war is that its victims and its instruments are individual human beings , and that these individual human beings are condemned by the monstrous conventions of politics to murder or be murderred in quarrels not their own , to inflict upon the inocent and , innocent themselves of any crime against their enemise, to suffer cruelties of every kind.

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Integrity vs. despair In Erikson’s eighth and final stage of psychosocial development, the crisis revolves around the meaning of life, life in general, and one’s own life in particular. Unsuccessful resolution is associated with a feeling of despair. The life was wasted, and too little time is left to pick up the pieces; all that remains is frustration and hopelessness. In contrast, a sense of integrity comes with successful resolution, integrity in its meaning of honesty and soundness of moral principle and also in its meaning of wholeness or oneness, integration of self and cosmos. Persons who attain this sense of integrity should also attain Kohlberg’s Stage 6 of morality, and some perhaps even Stage 7, in which morality is postconventional, based on principles that are universal (Stage 6) or cosmic (Stage 7) in scope. お願いします。

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Anyone who sets out to describe the role played by language in the development of our spesies is at once confronted by an apparent paradox, the Paradox of Continuity.Ifsuch aperson accepts the theory of evolution, that person must accept also that language is no more than an evolutionary adaptation - one of an unusual kind, perhaps, yet formed by the same prosesses that have formed countless other adaptations.If that is the case, when language cannot as novel as ot seems, for evolutionary adaptations do not emerge out of the blue. There are two ways in which evolution can produce novel elements:by the recombination of existing genes inthe course of of normal breeding, or by mutations that affect genes directly. Even in the second case, absolute novelties are impossible.What happens in mutation is that the instructions for producing part of a particular type of creature are altered.Instructions for producing a new part cannot simply be added to the old recipe.Specific instructions that are capable of being altered must already exist to a greater or lesser extent.What this means is that language cannot be wholelly without antecedents of some kind. But what kind of antecedents could language have?Since language is so widely regarded as a means of communication, the answer seems obvious:earlier systems of animal communication.It has long been known that many species communicate with one another.Some, like fireflies have blinking lights, others, like crickets, rub legs or wingcases together, while many exude chemical signals known as phenomenones.Of course such means are limited in their range of potential meaning and may signal nothing more complex than the presense of a potential mate.But the more sophisticated the creature, the more sophisticated themeans - from the dances of honeybees, through the posturing of sea gulls, to the sonar of dolphins - hence, the more complex the information that can be conveyed. Could not human language be just a supersophisticated variant of these? The trouble is that the difference between language and the most sophisticated systems of animal communication that we are so far aware of are qualitative rather than quantitative.All such systems have a fixed and finite number of topics on which information can be excahnged, whereas in langage the list is is open-ended, indeed infinite.all such systems have a finite and indeed strictly limited number of ways in which message components can be combined, if they can be combined at all.IN language the possibilities of combination, while governedby strict principles, are (potentially at least) infinite, limited for pactical purposes only by the finiteness of the you immediate memory store. You do not get from a finite number to infinity merely by adding numbers.And there are subtler but equally far-reaching differences between language and animalcommunication that make it impossible to regard the one as antecedent to the other. But the net result of all this is the Paradox of Continuity:language must have evolved out of some prior system, and yet there does not seems to be any such system out of which it could have evolved.

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Fig.4. Magnified figures of one of the discontinuous bands in 1.915<b_i~<1.925 in Figs. 3(a) and (b). There are many fine discontinuous bands in itself. Fig.5. Examples of particle orbits which belong to the discontinuous bands in Fig.4. 　(a) and (b) are of particles which escape from the Hill sphere through the gate of L_1 and through that of L_2, respectively. The values of b_i~ are 1.91894 (a) and 1.91898 (b). Fig.6. Examples of purely Keplerian orbits with e_i~=4 for b_i~=2 and b_i~=10. The former curls (|b_i~|<4(e_i~/3) and the latter waves (|b_i~|>4(e_i~/3)). The values of δ* of both orbits are zero. ↓Fig.4. http://www.fastpic.jp/images.php?file=0045805708.jpg ↓Fig.5. http://www.fastpic.jp/images.php?file=9845810934.jpg ↓Fig.6. http://www.fastpic.jp/images.php?file=0162323295.jpg どうかよろしくお願いします。

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Note that in the twenty-nine centuries between 1000 B.C. and 1900, life expectancy increased by almost thirty years, and in the seventy years between 1900 and it increased almost another twenty-four years. These striking increases are misleading, however, because the averages reflect to a very large extent reductions in infant mortality. The figures we have been discussing-the ones in the first row of the second section-are life expectancies at birth. The second row of this table shows the life expectancies at the age of sixty-five years. It can be seen that in 1970, the average sixty-five-year-old could expect to live about fifteen more years, to the age of about eighty-nine years longer than the average life expectancy of the newborn infant. That is, when you were born you could expect to live seventy-one years, and as you grew older and survived longer, you could expect to live longer. (See P＆L Close-up, Life Expectancy: How Long Is long?) お願いします。

Significant Differences in Chip Shape: Low Speed vs High Speed Comparison

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名詞の繰り返しを避けるthat ofの内容が複数

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数学の問題です

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