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かなり長文なのですが、以下の英文で困っています！

かなり長文なのですが、以下の英文で困っています！以下の英文はどのように訳すでしょうか？どうぞよろしくお願いします！！ Resource management as a whole In studying agrodiversity, it is also necessary to take account of diversity in resource management as a whole. The small farm regions of the tropical world contain a high degree of biodiversity, sometimes greater in species numbers than the wild land itself. Only a portion of this biodiversity is directly manipulated for production, although a much higher proportion provides services of various kinds to the farmers. It provides food and economically valuable fruits, nuts, and leaves, restores soil fertility, yield wood and raw materials for artisanal production, offers a range of medicines, shelters wildlife that can be hunted, and so on. Whether or not agroforests are part of the system, the farm does not end where the field meets the wood. We need to look at the continuum between the two and examine the manner in which the managed and unmanaged wild elements relate to the cultivated land and plants. Inclusion of managed and unmanaged wild elements in the content of agridiversity or agrobiodiversity is contrary to the view of some modern students of agricultural biodiversity. Wood and Lenne(1992a:2) excluded “wild plants and animals of food value outside the agroecosystem“ from the domain of agrobiodiversity because they are of small importance on the global level. On the local level, they can be of major importance. Chapter 4 introduces the integral significance of the wild populations historically. The topic is taken further in chapter 6, and chapter 8 develops the close relationship between farm and forest in depth. Food and useful plant sources beyond the field are indeed part of the farm.

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The koala is not only a national icon of Australia but also a symbol of Australia`s biodiversity. Biodiversity is the variety of all life forms within an ecosystem. Life forms include plants, animals, and micro-organisms, while an ecosystem consists of these life forms as well as their physical environment such as rocks, warer sources, and the atmosphere. In Australia, there are more than one million species of plants and animals, many of ( １ ) are found nowhere else. In fact, there are a number of rare animals there, including Tasmanian devils, wallabies, emus, wombats and kangaroos. （）の中にに適切な単語を補ってください。

少し長文なのですが、この文章はどのように訳しますか？

少し長文なのですが、この文章はどのように訳しますか？ Much of this book is concerned with agricultural change, involving a certain amount of historical reconstruction. It is important to set doctrinal assumptions aside and, in particular, not to assume without evidence the existence of any process such as degradation or intensification. Change can take many forms, and the adoption of practices that are more intensive in use of capital or labor is only one form. Comparatively, it is useful to describe one system as more intensive than another, but the terms to intensify and intensification are used loosely in the literature. I introduce the theory of intensification in chapter 4 but discuss it in some depth only chapter 11. Elsewhere in the book, I avoid these terms as far as possible. Certain other themes are also of major significance. ■ Themes for a Structured Argument The case studies on which most of this book rests are not drawn at random. They illustrate specific themes. Taking the importance of studying change as paramount, I identify four other themes drawn from within the dimensions of diversity as follows. どうぞ、宜しくお願いします！！

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Biodiversityの重要性と、その社会への影響を２００語程度にまとめよと出題され、以下のように書きました。 Biodiversity is important in two respects.. First, biodiversity prevents sudden food crisis. Diversity of a species means that it is strong enough to survive. Suppose that we grow genetically same crops made by the clone technology. If one crop gets ill, the other crops will also get ill because they are genetically the same. This may lead to extinction of the whole species and we will face a world-wide food crisis. Second, biodiversity will leave us the possibility of curing for some serious diseases. Scientists have only succeeded in studying less than one percent of species of plants, animals and insects living on the earth though there are more than 10 million of them. The diversity is so great. But they are on the verge of extinction. We must preserve them because there are possibilities that we will find new kinds of medicine among these unknown species with which we will be able to treat incurable diseases such as cancer, AIDS and so on. We have to prevent these living matters from dying out before we find them. なんか締まらない感じなんですがどうすればいいでしょう?

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　　Now, Figs. 3(a) and (b) indicate that there seems to be several discontinuous spikes in the range of |bi| between 1.8 and 2.6, which hereafter is called the discontinuous band. 　　In order to see the detailed features of the scattering in this region, we have calculated the particle orbits in a fine division of bi. The results, which are illustrated in Figs. 3(a) and (b), show that in almost all of the region ⊿b continues smoothly with respect to bi but there remain the fine discontinuous bands near bi=1.92 and bi=2.38. Again we have tried to magnify the range of bi between 1.915 and 1.925 and found that there are still finer discontinuities near bi=1.919(see Figs. 4(a) and (b)).

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(1)If climate change and population growth progress at their current pace, in roughly 50 years farming as we know it will no longer exist. This means that the majority of people could soon be without enough food or water. But there is a solution that is surprisingly within reach, and that is to move most farming into cities, and grow crops in tall, specially constructed buildings. It’s called vertical farming. (2)The floods and lack of rainfall that have come with climate change are destroying traditional farmland. Three recent floods, for example, have cost the US billions of dollars in lost crops, with even more serious losses in topsoil. In India changes in rain patterns and temperature could reduce India’s agricultural output by 30% or more by the end of the century. (3)What’s more, population increases will soon reduce the amount of land available to American farmers. The amount of land for farming per person has decreased from about an acre in 1970 to roughly half an acre in 2000, and it is expected to decline to about a third of an acre by 2050. With billions more people on the way, before we know it the traditional soil-based farming model developed over the last 12,000 years will no longer be possible anywhere. In short, it has become alarmingly clear that the world must find new methods of food production and distribution. (4)Now imagine a vertical farm built within the limits of a major city. Food production would take advantage of hydroponic methods that use far less water than conventional cultivation techniques, in some cases as much as 90 percent less. When we apply the vertical farm concept to countries that are water-challenged, such as those in the Middle East, the benefits of vertical farming look even more attractive. For this reason the world’s very first vertical farm may be established there, although the idea has now attracted considerable interest from architects, scientists and governments all over the world. (5)The list of benefits of the vertical farm is indeed long. To start with, crop production would no longer be limited by seasons or be impacted by poor whether. The farm itself would behave like a functional ecosystem in which waste is recycled to be used over and over again. By supplying a continuous quantity of fresh vegetables and fruits to city residents, such farms would help prevent health problems, some of which arise from the lack of quality food in our diet. They wouldn't only improve urban life, but also help to restore the land that was damaged by traditional farming. For every indoor acre farmed, some 10 to 20 outdoor acres of farmland could be allowed to return to their original state. The vertical farm would also create new employment opportunities for the expanding populations of urban centers, certain in which abandoned properties could become productive once again. (6)Moreover, vertical farms would produce crops that contain no added chemicals. The farms would greatly reduce air pollution, since they would eliminate the need for heavy farm machines and trucks that deliver food from farm to fork. Think how great it would be if everything on your plate came from around the corner, rather than from hundreds or thousands of miles away. The structures themselves would be things of beauty and grace. In order to allow plants to capture sunlight, walls and ceilings would be completely transparent. So from a distance, it would look as if there were gardens suspended in space. (7)While experimental vertical farming projects in the US and the UK have shown very positive results thus far, it is important to bear in mind that the science of vertical farming still has a long way to go. To be successful in the long term, vertical farming will still need to prove that it is economically efficient, especially with respect to energy and urban land costs. 本文の原文→http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/24/opinion/24Despommier.html?_r=1&

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1. Introduction This is the third of a series of papers in which we have investigated the collisional probability between a protoplanet and a planetesimal, taking fully into account the effect of solar gravity. Until now, the collisional probability between Keplerian particles has not been well understood, despite of its importance, in the study of planetary formation and, as an expedient manner, the two-body (i.e., free space) approximation has been adopted. In the two-body approximation, the collisional rate is given by (e.g., Safronov,1969) σv=πr_p^2(1+(2Gm_p/r_pv^2))v, (1) where r_p and m_p are the sum of radii and the masses of the protoplanet and a colliding planetesimal, respectively. Furthermore, v is the relative velocity at infinity and usually taken to be equal to a mean random velocity of planetesimals, i.e., v=(<e_2*^2>+<i_2*^2>)^(1/2)v_K, (2) where <e_2*^2> and <i_2*^2> are the mean squares of heliocentric eccentricity and inclination of a swarm of planetesimals and v_K is the Keplerian velocity; in the planer problem (i.e., <i_2*^2>=0), the collisional rate is given, instead of Eq.(1), by (σ_2D)v=2r_p(1+(2Gm_p/r_pv^2))^(1/2)v. (3) Equations (1) and (3) will be referred to in later sections, to clarify the effect of solar gravity on the collisional rate. よろしくお願いします。

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It should be noticed that Λ_f is independent of both ei~ and R. In order to compare Λ_K with Λ_f clearly, we consider the ratio of these, that is, γ=Λ_K/Λ_f=3.0C_K(R/1AU)^1/2, (4・9) which is independent of the mass of the planet. The values of γare listed in Table I as well as those of C_K. As the parameter C_K is approximately proportional to R^-1/2 (see Fig.11), γ is almost independent of R and is 2.3 for ei~=0 and 1.4 for ei~=4. This indicates that, though the result is obtained in the limited framework of the two-dimensional particle motion, the collisional rate of Keplerian particles is enhanced by a factor of about 2.3 or 1.4 compared to that estimated in a free space formula, as long as we are concerned with the two cases of eccentricity. Furthermore, as seen from Table I, γ for the case ei~=4 is significantly smaller than that of the case ei~=0. This seems to confirm the conjecture that γ tends to unity in the high energy limit (i.e., ei~→∞), or in other words, the free space formula is right only in the high energy limit. お手数ではございますが、どうかよろしくお願いいたします。

文章の訳、それと文章の主語の見分け方

The water that would seep in would soon fill the whole boat and we would all go down together. 訳したいんですが、that would seep in wouldのところ、wouldの前にinがついてますよね？前置詞からいきなり助動詞は初めて見て、どこが主語で前置詞のinはどう考えればいいのか分かりません。 We have witnessed a sharp rise in economic friction [between the industrialized countries and growing tendency of economic conditions in one to infruence condition in the others]. 和訳したいんですが、[ ]内がよく分かりません。特に分からないところが、in one to infruence condition in the othersのところなんですが、ここはどう考えればいいんでしょうか？おねがいします

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　　　In the chaotic zone, there are, of course, a great number of discrete collision orbits. Minimum separation distance in the chaotic zone near b=1.93 is enlarged in Fig.6, which is obtained from the calculation of 3000 orbits with b between 1.926 and 1.932. Even in this enlarged figure, r_min varies violently with b. Although the chaotic zones are not sufficiently resolved in our present study, the phase space occupied by collision orbits in the chaotic zones is much smaller than that in the regular collision bands. Even if all orbits in the chaotic zone are collisional, their contribution to the collision rate is less than 4% of the total: the width in b=2.30 and 2.48, we also found that the total width is much smaller than 0.001. This implies that in the evaluation of <P(e, i)>, we can neglect the contribution of collision orbits in the chaotic zones. 　　　These are n-recurrent collision orbits in the regular zones. Of these, 2-recurrent collision orbits are most important. The collisional band composed of them is found near b=2.34. Its width ⊿b is about 0.011, and the contribution to the collision is as large as 15%. No.3- and more –recurrent collision orbits were observed in regular zones. They were found only in the chaotic zones and, hence, can be neglected. 長いですが、よろしくお願いします。

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In the preceding papar (Nakazawa et al., 1989a,referred to as Papar I), we have proposed that a framework of Hill’s equations (Hill, 1878) is of great advantages to find precisely the collisional rate between Keplerian particles over wide ranges of initial conditions. First, in Hill’s equations, the relative motion separates from the barycenter motion, and the equation of the barycenter motion can be integrated analytically (see also Henon and petit, 1986). Second, the equation of motion can be scaled by h and Ω; h is the reduced Hill radius and Ω is the Keplerian angular velocity. They are given by h=(m_p/3M_?)^(1/3) (4) and Ω={G(M_?+m_p)/a_0*^3}^(1/2), (5) Where a_0* is the reference heliocentric distance (which is usually taken to be equal to the semimajor axis of the protoplanet) and M_? is the solar mass. The first characteristic of Hill’s equations permits us to reduce the degree of freedom of particle motion and, hence, to reduce greatly the number of orbits to be pursued numerically. The second permits us to apply the result of an orbital calculation with particular m_p and a_0* to orbital motion with other arbitrary mass and heliocentric distance. 長文になりますが、どうかよろしくお願いします。

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　　Furthermore, ρ is the density of the planet and is taken to be 4.45g/cm^3 according to Lewis. The values of r_p/h are tabulated in Table I for various regions from the Sun. It is to be noticed that the planetary radius decreases as the increase in the distance from the Sun in the system of units adopted here. 　 Orbital calculations are performed by means of the 4th order Runge-Kutter-Gill method with an accuracy of double precision. よろしくお願いします。

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Internal and External Nodes By definition leaf nodes have no sons. Thus, in the linked representation of binary trees, left and right pointers are needed only in nonleaf nodes. Sometimes two separate sets of nodes are used for nonleaves and leaves. Nonleaf nodes contain info, left, and right fields (often no information is associated with nonleaves, so that an info field is unnecessary) and are allocated as dynamic records or as an array of records managed using an available list. Leaf nodes do not contain a left or right field and are kept as a single info array that is allocated sequentially as needed (this assumes that leaves are never freed, which is often the case). Alternatively, they can be allocated as dynamic variables containing only an info value. This saves a great deal of space, since leaves often represent a majority of the nodes in a binary tree. Each(leaf or nonleaf) node can also contain a father field, if necessary. When this distinction is made between nonleaf and leaf nodes. nonleaves are called internal nodes and leaves are called external nodes. The terminology is also often used even when only a single type of node is defined. Of course, a son pointer within an internal node must be identified as pointing to an internal or an external node. This can be done in C in two ways. One technique is to declare two different node types and pointer types and to use a union for internal nodes, with each alternative containing one of the two pointer types. The other technique is to retain a single type of pointer and a single type of node, where the node is a union that does (if the node is an internal node) or dose not (if an external node) contain left and right pointer fields. We will see an example of this latter technique at the end of this section.

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"Vertical farming could allow food to be grown locally and sustainably," says Glen Kertz, CEO of Valcent, a tech company based in El Paso, Texas, that's trying out the process. His firm uses hydroponic greenhouse methods to grow upward rather than out. The result saves space--vital in urban areas--and allows farmers to irrigate and fertilize with far less waste. At Valcent's El Paso lab, potted crops grow in rows on clear vertical panels that rotate on a conveyor belt. Moving them gives the plants the precise amount of light and nutrients needed, an optimization that Kertz says lets him grow 15 times as much lettuce per acre as on a normal farm, using 5% of the water that conventional agriculture does. The company aims to finish a commercial-scale facility by early 2009. Despommier's plans are even grander. He has drawn up models for a 30-story, city-block-size vertical farm that would have transparent walls to maximize sunlight and would produce enough food for 50,000 people. "With about 160 of these buildings, you could feed all of New York," he says. His idea has intrigued architects, but Despommier concedes that it would cost hundreds of millions to build a full-scale skyscraper farm. That's the main drawback: construction and energy costs would probably make vertically raised food more costly than traditional crops. At least for now. 引用 “Vertical farming”

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下の文を和訳していただけませんか？ In addition to improving existing products, nanotechnology is expected to enable people create raw materials and food from atoms and molecules. Today, manufacturers make goods from raw materials like wood, metal, and cotton and we eat fruits, vegetables, and grains that are grown on farms. One goal of nanotechnology is to create wood from atoms instead of cutting trees and to make vegetables by combining atoms that will grow and reproduce themselves in portable nanofactories called molecular synthesizers. Food synthesizers would enable us to create delicious foods in machines at home instead of growing them on farms. Therefore, far fewer raw materials would be necessary for our existence.

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I would be happy to start the book over with I would be happy to start the book over with you if you'd like. I can come up with some text to share with you. I think this book is awesome and I really like how it has the definition of the words. In my opinion learning the words of what you are saying is a great idea and will help you be able to speak with other people and have conversations. I look forward to our lesson today

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　　 In order to see the detailed features of the scattering in this region, we have calculated the particle orbits in a fine division of b_i~. The results, which are illustrated in Figs. 3(a) and (b), show that in almost all of the region ⊿b~ continues smoothly with respect to bi but there remain the fine discontinuous bands near b_i~=1.92 and b_i~=2.38. Again we have tried to magnify the range of b_i~ between 1.915 and 1.925 and found that there are still finer discontinuities near b_i~=1.919(see Figs. 4(a) and (b)). よろしくお願いします。

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The obtained collisional rate is summarized in terms of the normalized eccentricity e and inclination i of relative motion; the normalized eccentricity e and inclination i of relative motion; the normalization is based on Hill’s framework, i.e., e=e*/h and i=i*/h where e* and i* are ordinary orbital elements and h is the reduced Hill radius defined by (m_p/3M_? )^(1/3) (m_p being the protoplanet mass and M_? the solar mass). The properties of the obtained collisional rate <P(e,i)> are as follows: (i) <P(e,i)> is like that in the two-dimensional case for i≦0.1 (when e≦0.2) and i≦0.02/e (when e≧0.2), (ii) except for such a two-dimensional region, <P(e,i)> is always enhanced over that in the two-body approximation <P(e,i)>_2B, (iii) <P(e,i)> reduces to <P(e,i)>_2B when (e^2+i^2)^(1/2)≧4, and (iv) there are two notable peaks in <P(e,i)>/ <P(e,i)>_2B at regions where e≒1 (i<1) and where i≒3 (e<0.1); the peak values are at most as large as 5. As an order of magnitude, the collisional rate between Keplerian particles can be described by that of the two-body approximation suitably modified in the two-dimensional region. However, the existence of the peaks in <P(e,i)>/ <P(e,i)>_2B are characteristic to the three-body problem and would give an important insight to the study of the planetary growth. お手数ですがよろしくお願いいたします。

訳してください

⇨英語 There was more work to do the vast majority of farm workers remain without a union a condition that would mobilize organizing efforts for years. But in the cities and schools of Africa inspired by the courage of the farm workers a generation of Chicano youth were poised to open a new chapter in the Mexican-American struggle for civil rights they were ready to take to the streets to demand a better education in the fields the farmworkers movement had left a lasting legacy of change. つまりここで言いたいのは、「農業労働者の活動がメキシカンアメリカ人の市民権運動に大きな影響を与え、彼らの抗議の活力になった」ということでしょうか？英文がぐちゃぐちゃだと思うので（文法）、一語一語訳していただかなくて大丈夫です。こういうことが言いたいというのがもしわかるのであれば教えて欲しいです。よろしくお願いします。

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その一・和訳に変なところはないでしょうか。 Usually what a man calls fate is a web of his own weaving, from threads of his own spinning. たいてい人が運命と呼ぶモノは自分で編んだ編物である、自分で紡いだ糸から。 The chains of habit are generally too small to be felt till they are too strong to be broken. たいてい習慣の鎖はあまりにも小さくて感じられない、あまりにも強くて破れなくなるまでは。 Her madness was the consequence, and not the cause, of an aimless and irregular life. 彼女のもの狂いは結果である、原因ではない、無目的で不規則な生活の。その二・[fouled」以下「for」以下の役割、機能はどういったものでしょうか。 Yet the greatest misfortune that Jesus found in the stricken people was their having no one to love them. At the center of all their unhappiness was the wretchedness, fouled with their own hopelessness and loneliness, for want of being loved. その三・翻訳をお願いします。名言集で見かけますが、定訳はあるのでしょうか。 It is better that some should be unhappy rather than that none should be happy, which would be the case in a general state of equality.

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