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【論文タイトル】The social face of emotion recognition: Evaluations versus stereotypes
感情認識の社会的様相：固定観念に対しての評価
Fast and correct recognition of emotional expressions is d prerequisite for fluent social interaction.
A face carries a wealth of informative cues and can say more than a thousand words.
Apart from unchangeable features in the face that carry information regarding identity or social category (e.g. sex or ethnicity), changeable features reveal how someone is feeling at that specific moment (e.g. happy, angry or sad).
Previous research has shown that unchangeable features can influence the interpretation of changeable facial features in emotional recognition.
More specifically, this research focused on the interplay between social categorization and recognition of emotional expressions (e.g. Becker, Kenrick, Neuberg, Blackwell, & Smith, 2007; Elfenbein & Ambady, 2002; Hugenberg, 2005: Hugenberg & Bodenhausen, 2003: Hutchings & Haddock, 2008).
How do social categorization processes influence emotion recognition?
One route that has been recently explored is that evaluative category associations facilitate or inhibit the recognition of evaluative congruent emotions.
For example, Hugenberg (2005) demonstrated, in line with an evaluative processes account, that white American participants show a recognition speed advantage when judging whether a white target's face displays a positive (happy) facial expression compared to negative (angry or sad) facial expressions. This phenomenon is called the happy face advantage (Leppanen & Hietanen, 2003).
This effect was found by Hugenberg to be reversed when the expresser of the emotion was black, with white participants showing a recognition advantage for both negative emotions (angry and sad) compared to the positive emotion.
In a similar vein, Hugenberg and Sczesny (2006) found evidence for differences in emotion recognition depending on gender: for female target faces a greater happy face advantage was found than for male target faces.
The authors conclude that these effects are best explained by the spreading of evaluative associations: the valence of the target face, as triggered by the category, serves as a prime for recognizing emotional expressions independently of the discrete emotion being expressed.
