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質問

In A record of the Engagements of the British Armies in France and Flanders, 1914–1918 (1923 [1990]) E. A. James used The Official Names of the Battles and Other Engagements Fought by the Military Forces of the British Empire during the Great War, 1914–1919, and the Third Afghan War, 1919: Report of the Battles Nomenclature Committee as approved by the Army Council (1921) to provide a summary of each engagement and the formations involved. In The Battles of Ypres, 1915 six engagements involving the Second Army were recorded, four during the Second Battle (22 April–25 May).
Battle of Gravenstafel: Thursday 22 April – Friday 23 April
Battle of St. Julien: Saturday 24 April – 4 May
Battle of Frezenberg: 8–13 May
Battle of Bellewaarde: 24–25 May
Battle of Gravenstafel Ridge (22–23 April 1915) On 22 April 1915 at about 5:00 p.m., the 4th Army released 168 long tons (171 t) of chlorine gas on a 6.5 km (4.0 mi) front between the hamlets of Langemark (50°55′N 02°55′E) and Gravenstafel (50.891°N 2.979°E) on the Allied line held by French Territorial and Troupes coloniales (Moroccan and Algerian troops) of the French 45th and 87th divisions. The French troops in the path of the gas cloud suffered 2–3,000 casualties, with 800 to 1,400 fatalities. Troops fled in all directions,
...haggard, their overcoats thrown off or opened wide, their scarves pulled off, running like madmen, directionless, shouting for water, spitting blood, some even rolling on the ground making desperate efforts to breathe.
— Colonel Henri Mordacq, 90th Infantry Brigade
A 4 mi (6 km) gap in the French front was left undefended. German infantry followed well behind the cloud, breathing through cotton pads soaked with sodium thiosulfate solution and occupied the villages of Langemark and Pilken, where they dug in, even though they might have occupied Ypres almost unopposed. They had taken 2,000 prisoners and 51 guns. Canadian troops defending the southern flank of the break-in identified chlorine because it smelled like their drinking water. The Germans released more chlorine gas at them the following day. Casualties were especially heavy for the 13th Battalion of the Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF), which was enveloped on three sides and had over-extended its left flank after the Algerian Division broke.

回答No.1

Nakay702 · ベストアンサー

＞In A record of the Engagements of the British Armies in France and Flanders, 1914–1918 (1923 [1990]) E. A. James used The Official Names of the Battles and Other Engagements Fought by the Military Forces of the British Empire during the Great War, 1914–1919, and the Third Afghan War, 1919: Report of the Battles Nomenclature Committee as approved by the Army Council (1921) to provide a summary of each engagement and the formations involved. In The Battles of Ypres, 1915 six engagements involving the Second Army were recorded, four during the Second Battle (22 April–25 May).
Battle of Gravenstafel: Thursday 22 April – Friday 23 April
Battle of St. Julien: Saturday 24 April – 4 May
Battle of Frezenberg: 8–13 May
Battle of Bellewaarde: 24–25 May
⇒1914～1918年のフランスやフランドルにおける「英国方面軍の会戦の記録」（1923〔1990〕年版）でE. A.ジェームズは、1914年－1919年の世界大戦、および1919年の「第三次アフガニスタン戦争」の間に大英帝国の軍隊によって戦われた戦闘およびその他の会戦の公式名を使用した。この記録は、各会戦とそこで必要とされた編成隊の概要を提供するために「陸軍評議会」（1921年）によって承認された「戦闘命名委員会」の報告である。「イープルの戦い」では、1915年に第2方面軍が関係した6つの交戦が記録され、「第二次イープルの戦い」（4月22日－5月25日）では次の4つの会戦が記録された。
「グラフェンシュタフェルの戦い」：4月22日木曜日－4月23日金曜日
「セント・ジュリアンの戦い」：4月24日土曜日－5月4日
「フレツェンベルクの戦い」：5月8日－13日
「ベレヴァールデの戦い」：5月24日－25日

＞Battle of Gravenstafel Ridge (22–23 April 1915)
　On 22 April 1915 at about 5:00 p.m., the 4th Army released 168 long tons (171 t) of chlorine gas on a 6.5 km (4.0 mi) front between the hamlets of Langemark (50°55′N 02°55′E) and Gravenstafel (50.891°N 2.979°E) on the Allied line held by French Territorial and Troupes coloniales (Moroccan and Algerian troops) of the French 45th and 87th divisions. The French troops in the path of the gas cloud suffered 2–3,000 casualties, with 800 to 1,400 fatalities.
　Troops fled in all directions,　...haggard, their overcoats thrown off or opened wide, their scarves pulled off, running like madmen, directionless, shouting for water, spitting blood, some even rolling on the ground making desperate efforts to breathe.
　— Colonel Henri Mordacq, 90th Infantry Brigade
⇒「グラフェンシュタフェル・リッジの戦い」（1915年4月22日－23日）
　1915年4月22日午後5時ごろ、（ドイツ軍）第4方面軍は、ランゲマルク（北緯50°55′ 東経02°55′）の集落間の6.5キロ（4.0マイル）の前線、およびフランス軍第45師団と第87師団のフランス国防義勇軍と植民地軍（モロッコ軍、アルジェリア軍）が保持する連合国軍戦線上のグラフェンシュタフェル（北緯50.891°東経2.979°）で168英トン（171トン）の塩素ガスを放出した。ガス雲の経路内にいたフランス軍は、2－3,000人が被害を受け、800－1,400人が死亡した。
　軍隊は四方八方に逃げ出し、…荒れ狂い、外套をはだけさせ、あるいは脱ぎ捨て、スカーフを脱ぎ取り、狂人のように走り、逃げ回り、水を求めて叫び、血を吐き、地面に転がり、必死に呼吸をしていました。
　― 第90歩兵旅団、アンリ・モルダック大佐

＞A 4 mi (6 km) gap in the French front was left undefended. German infantry followed well behind the cloud, breathing through cotton pads soaked with sodium thiosulfate solution and occupied the villages of Langemark and Pilken, where they dug in, even though they might have occupied Ypres almost unopposed. They had taken 2,000 prisoners and 51 guns. Canadian troops defending the southern flank of the break-in identified chlorine because it smelled like their drinking water. The Germans released more chlorine gas at them the following day. Casualties were especially heavy for the 13th Battalion of the Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF), which was enveloped on three sides and had over-extended its left flank after the Algerian Division broke.
⇒フランス戦線にある4マイル（6キロ）の隙間の守備が行き届いていなかった。ドイツ軍の歩兵隊はうまくガス雲の後ろを通り、チオ硫酸ナトリウム溶液に浸した綿のパッドを通して呼吸しながら、ランゲマルクとピルケンの村を占領した。そこで彼らは、ほとんど無抵抗のうちにイープルを占拠したようなものだったが、塹壕にこもった。彼らは2,000人の囚人と51丁の銃を捕獲した。侵入路の南側を防御するカナダ軍は、飲料水に塩素の臭いを嗅いで、塩素ガスを特定した。翌日ドイツ軍は、さらにより多くの塩素ガスを放出した。カナダ軍遠征隊（CEF）の第13大隊の死傷者は特に多かった。CEFは3方向を囲まれており、アルジェリア軍師団が破壊された後は、左側面を拡散し過ぎたのである。

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回答ありがとうございました。