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There were three phases to the bombardment: a brief fire on command and communications, then a destructive counter-battery bombardment and then bombardment of front-line positions. The deep bombardment aimed to knock out the opponent's ability to respond; it lasted only a few hours to retain surprise, before the infantry attacked behind a creeping barrage. Such artillery tactics had been made possible by the vast numbers of accurate heavy guns and large stocks of ammunition that Germany had deployed on the Western Front by 1918.
An officer of the 51st (Highland) Division wrote,
"The year 1917 ... closed in an atmosphere of depression. Most divisions on the Western front had been engaged continuously in offensive operations ... all were exhausted ... and weakened." The last German offensive on the Western Front, before the Cambrai Gegenschlag (counter-stroke) of December 1917, had been against the French at Verdun, giving the British commanders little experience in defence. The development of a deep defence system of zones and trench lines by the Germans during 1917, had led the British to adopt a similar system of defence in depth. This reduced the proportion of troops in the front line, which was lightly held by snipers, patrols and machine-gun posts and concentrated reserves and supply dumps to the rear, away from German artillery. British divisions arranged their nine infantry battalions in the forward and battle zones according to local conditions and the views of commanders; about ​1⁄3 of the infantry battalions of the Fifth Army and a similar number in the Third Army held the forward zone.
The Forward Zone was organised in three lines to a depth depending on the local terrain. The first two lines were not held continuously, particularly in the Fifth Army area, where they were in isolated outpost groups in front of an irregular line of supporting posts. The third line was a series of small redoubts for two or four platoons. Posts and redoubts were sited so that intervening ground could be swept by machine-gun and rifle-fire or from machine-guns adjacent to the redoubts. Defence of the Forward Zone depended on fire-power rather than large numbers of troops but in the Fifth Army area a lack of troops meant that the zone was too weak to be able to repulse a large attack.

回答No.1

Nakay702 · ベストアンサー

＞There were three phases to the bombardment: a brief fire on command and communications, then a destructive counter-battery bombardment and then bombardment of front-line positions. The deep bombardment aimed to knock out the opponent's ability to respond; it lasted only a few hours to retain surprise, before the infantry attacked behind a creeping barrage. Such artillery tactics had been made possible by the vast numbers of accurate heavy guns and large stocks of ammunition that Germany had deployed on the Western Front by 1918.
⇒砲撃には3つの局面があった。指令と交信に即した短時間の射撃、その後の破壊的な反爆撃のための攻撃、そして最前線陣地への砲撃であった。深い砲撃は、対戦相手の能力を完膚なきまで叩くことを目的としていた。それは、纏いつく集中砲撃の背後で歩兵隊が攻撃をかける前の急襲（効果）を保つため、わずか数時間しか続かない。このような砲兵戦術は、1918年にドイツが西部戦線で展開した膨大な量の正確な重砲と大量の弾薬によって可能になった。

＞An officer of the 51st (Highland) Division wrote,　"The year 1917 ... closed in an atmosphere of depression. Most divisions on the Western front had been engaged continuously in offensive operations ... all were exhausted ... and weakened." The last German offensive on the Western Front, before the Cambrai Gegenschlag (counter-stroke) of December 1917, had been against the French at Verdun, giving the British commanders little experience in defence. The development of a deep defence system of zones and trench lines by the Germans during 1917, had led the British to adopt a similar system of defence in depth.
⇒第51（ハイランド）師団の１将校はこう書いた。「1917年は…抑圧の雰囲気のうちに終った。西部前線の大部分の師団は、打ち続く攻撃の作戦行動に従事していた…すべてが疲弊して…弱体化していた」。1917年12月、西部戦線における「カンブレー反撃」前のドイツ軍攻撃の最後は、ベルドゥンのフランス軍に対して行われ、英国軍司令官としてはほとんど防衛の経験をしなかった。1917年に、ドイツ軍によって地帯と塹壕戦線の深い防衛システムが開発されたことで、同様の深奥防衛システムが英国軍に採用された。

＞This reduced the proportion of troops in the front line, which was lightly held by snipers, patrols and machine-gun posts and concentrated reserves and supply dumps to the rear, away from German artillery. British divisions arranged their nine infantry battalions in the forward and battle zones according to local conditions and the views of commanders; about 1⁄3 of the infantry battalions of the Fifth Army and a similar number in the Third Army held the forward zone.
⇒これによって最前線の軍隊の割合が減少し、ドイツ軍の砲兵隊から離れた狙撃兵、パトロール隊、機関銃の砲撃陣、集中予備軍、後衛への補給用集積場などによって、最前線が少しずつ（分掌）保持されていた。英国軍の諸師団は、現地の状況や指揮官の見解に基づいて、前方および戦闘地域に9個の歩兵大隊を配置した。第5方面軍の歩兵大隊の約3分の1と、第3方面軍管轄地でも同数の大隊が前方地帯を保持した。

＞The Forward Zone was organised in three lines to a depth depending on the local terrain. The first two lines were not held continuously, particularly in the Fifth Army area, where they were in isolated outpost groups in front of an irregular line of supporting posts. The third line was a series of small redoubts for two or four platoons. Posts and redoubts were sited so that intervening ground could be swept by machine-gun and rifle-fire or from machine-guns adjacent to the redoubts. Defence of the Forward Zone depended on fire-power rather than large numbers of troops but in the Fifth Army area a lack of troops meant that the zone was too weak to be able to repulse a large attack.
⇒前方地帯は、地形に応じて3列の戦線に組織されていた。最初の2列は、特に第５方面軍区域では連続せず、そこには支援基地の不規則な戦線の前線部に孤立した前哨基地があった。3列目は、2個または4個の小隊のための、一連の小さな砦であった。基地や砦は、介入地が、機関銃やライフル銃火器、あるいは、砦に隣接する機関銃によって一掃できるように立地していた。前方地帯の防衛は、多数の軍隊でなく火力に依存していたが、第5方面軍地域では軍隊の不足によって大規模な攻撃を撃退するには地帯の力が弱すぎることを意味していた。

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回答ありがとうございました。