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質問

The 3rd Canadian Division captured Vapour Farm on the corps boundary, Furst Farm to the west of Meetcheele and the crossroads at Meetcheele but remained short of its objective. During a seven-day pause, the Second Army took over another section of the Fifth Army front adjoining the Canadian Corps. Three rainless days from 3–5 November eased preparation for the next stage, which began on the morning of 6 November, with the 1st Canadian Division and the 2nd Canadian Division. In fewer than three hours, many units reached their final objectives and Passchendaele was captured. The Canadian Corps launched a final action on 10 November, to gain control of the remaining high ground north of the village near Hill 52, which ended the campaign apart from a night attack at Passchendaele on 1/2 December, an attack on the Polderhoek Spur on 2 December and some local operations in the new year. In a German General Staff publication, it was written that "Germany had been brought near to certain destruction (sicheren Untergang) by the Flanders battle of 1917". In his Memoirs of 1938, Lloyd George wrote, "Passchendaele was indeed one of the greatest disasters of the war ... No soldier of any intelligence now defends this senseless campaign ...". In 1939, G. C. Wynne wrote that the British had eventually reached Passchendaele Ridge and captured Flandern I Stellung; beyond them were Flandern II and Flandern III (which was nearing completion). The German submarine bases on the coast had not been captured but the objective of diverting the Germans from the French further south, while they recovered from the Nivelle Offensive in April, had succeeded.
In 1997, Griffith wrote that the bite and hold system kept moving until November, because the BEF had developed a workable system of offensive tactics, against which the Germans ultimately had no answer. A decade later, Sheldon wrote that relative casualty figures were irrelevant, because the German army could not afford great numbers of losses or to lose the initiative by being compelled to fight another defensive battle, on ground of the Allies' choosing.

回答No.1

Nakay702 · ベストアンサー

＞The 3rd Canadian Division captured Vapour Farm on the corps boundary, Furst Farm to the west of Meetcheele and the crossroads at Meetcheele but remained short of its objective. During a seven-day pause, the Second Army took over another section of the Fifth Army front adjoining the Canadian Corps. Three rainless days from 3–5 November eased preparation for the next stage, which began on the morning of 6 November, with the 1st Canadian Division and the 2nd Canadian Division.
⇒カナダ軍第3師団は、軍団境界線のヴァポール農場、メーチェーレ西方のファースト農場、メーチェーレの交差路地点を攻略したが、標的までは届かずじまいであった。7日間の休止の間に、第2方面軍はカナダ部隊に隣接する第5方面軍前線のもう一つの地区を受け継いだ。11月3－5日の雨のない3日間のおかげで、次の段階の準備が容易になり、それはカナダ軍第1師団と第2師団によって11月6日の朝に始められた。

＞In fewer than three hours, many units reached their final objectives and Passchendaele was captured. The Canadian Corps launched a final action on 10 November, to gain control of the remaining high ground north of the village near Hill 52, which ended the campaign apart from a night attack at Passchendaele on 1/2 December, an attack on the Polderhoek Spur on 2 December and some local operations in the new year.
⇒3時間足らずで、多くの部隊がその最終標的に到達して、パッシェンデールは攻略された。カナダ軍団は、11月10日に最終的な戦闘活働を開始して、52番ヒル近くで村の北側の残り高地の支配権を得た。そして、12月1/2日のパッシェンデール夜襲、12月2日のポルダーホーク山脚への攻撃、および幾つかの局地の作戦行動は別として、野戦が終わった。

＞In a German General Staff publication, it was written that "Germany had been brought near to certain destruction (sicheren Untergang) by the Flanders battle of 1917". In his Memoirs of 1938, Lloyd George wrote, "Passchendaele was indeed one of the greatest disasters of the war ... No soldier of any intelligence now defends this senseless campaign ...".
⇒ドイツ軍の参謀幕僚による出版物では、「ドイツ軍は、1917年のフランドル闘争によって、ある種の壊滅（sicheren Untergang「確実な滅亡」）の瀬戸際に追い込まれた」と記された。ロイド＝ジョージは、1938年の回顧録でこう書いた。「パッシェンデールは、真に最大の戦争災害の1つであった…。いかなる知力を持ち合わせた兵士も、今や、このめちゃくちゃな野戦は守り切れません…」、と。

＞In 1939, G. C. Wynne wrote that the British had eventually reached Passchendaele Ridge and captured Flandern I Stellung; beyond them were Flandern II and Flandern III (which was nearing completion). The German submarine bases on the coast had not been captured but the objective of diverting the Germans from the French further south, while they recovered from the Nivelle Offensive in April, had succeeded.
⇒1939年に、G. C.ウィンはこう書いた。結局は、英国軍がパッシェンデール・リッジに到達してフランドル第I陣地を攻略した。その先にはフランドル第II陣地と（完成間近の）フランドル第III陣地とがあった。沿岸のドイツ軍海底基地は攻略されなかったが、ドイツ軍が4月にニヴェーユ攻撃から立ち直る間、遠い南方フランスから彼らへの標的転換が続いた。

＞In 1997, Griffith wrote that the bite and hold system* kept moving until November, because the BEF had developed a workable system of offensive tactics, against which the Germans ultimately had no answer. A decade later, Sheldon wrote that relative casualty figures were irrelevant, because the German army could not afford great numbers of losses or to lose the initiative by being compelled to fight another defensive battle, on ground of the Allies' choosing.
⇒グリフィスは1997年に、この「噛み口保持方式」*が11月まで動き続けた、と書いた。なぜなら、BEF（英国軍遠征隊）が実行できる攻撃的な戦術システムを開発したので、最終的にドイツ軍としてはこれに応酬する術がなかったからである。10年後に、シェルドンはこう書いた。死傷者数の相対性が破綻しているが、それはドイツ軍が大きな数の損失を賄う余裕がなかった、あるいは、連合国が選ぶ地域で別の防御戦を戦うことが強要され、それによって主導性を失うことはできなかったのである、と。

＊bite and hold system：小さな領土を「噛んで」（奪取して）、それを「保持して」足がかり（新しい基地）とし、さらに別の領土に噛みつく、というような戦法。小さな岩の突起を掴んで、それを手がかりとし、さらにその上の突起を捉えるロッククライミングになぞらえて説明することがある。なお、「噛み口保持方式」は私の勝手な（つたない）訳です。詳細は、http://www.westernfrontassociation.c...est-front.htmlをご参照ください。

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回答ありがとうございました。6月1日に投稿した質問が2つあるのですが回答いただけますと幸いです。宜しければお願いいたします。