英文の翻訳をお願いします。３ -It doesn't make sense-

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Atkinson and Shiffrin assumed that information in short-term memory represents "the conterts of consciousness,"implying that only information processed consciously can be stored in long-term memory. However, there is reasonable (if not conclusive) evidence for the existence of learning without conscious awareness of what has been learnd (this is known as implicit learning--see Chapter7). It would seem that implicit learning would be impossible within Atkinson and Shiffrin's(1968) model.

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Evaluation The assumption within the model that there are separate short-term and long-term stores has been influential and is approximately correct. As we will see, it is a gross oversimplification to argue that there is a single short-term memory store(see section on working memory). It is a gross oversimplification to argue that there is a single long-term memory store(see section on types of long-term memory).It seems very doubtful that knowledge that Russel Crowe is a film star,that 2+2=4,that we had muesli for breakfast,and information about how to ride a bicycle are all stored in the same long-term memory store.

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The short-term stores are itself has very limited capacity. Some information processed in the short-term store is transferred to the long-term store,which has unlimited capacity. Long-term storage of information often depends on rehearsal,with a direct relationship between the amount of rehearsal in the short-term store and the strength of the stored memory trace. According to Atkinson and Shiffrin(1968),short-term memory is involved before long-term memory. However,an increasingly popular view is that short-term memory is only involved after long-term memory.

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another(very obvious)differece between short-term and long-term memory is in the length of time for which information is remembered.much information(e.g.,our own names;the names of our parents and friends)remains in long-term memory for a lifetime,whereas information in short-term memory is lost rapidly. 翻訳お願いします(__)

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In similar fashion,we can only rehearse"IBM"as a single chunk in short-term memory by using relevant information stored in long-term memory.Thus,access to long-term memory occurs before information is processed in short-term memory. There is another reason why Atkinson and Shiffrin's(1968) assumption that information is processed in short-term memory before reaching long-term memory should be rejected (Marc Brysbaert,personal communication).

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the capacity of short-term memory as assessed by span measures has often been reported as being about seven chunks.however,simon(1974)found that the span in chunks was less with larger chunks(e.g.,eight-word phrases)than with smaller chunks(e.g.,one-syllable words). 翻訳お願いします(__)

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They argued that we use short-term memory much of the time when engaged in the performance of complex tasks. You have to carry out various processes to complete the task,but you also have to briefly store information about the outcome of early processes in short-term memory as you move on to later processes. For example, suppose you were given the addition problem 13+18+24. You would probably add 13 and 18 and keep the answer (i.e.,31) in short-term memory. You would then add 24 to 31 and produce the correct answer of 55.

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Peterson and peterson(1959)studied the duration of short-term memory by using the task of remembering a three-letter stimulus while counting backwards by threes.The ability to remember the three letters in the correct order reduced to only about 50% after 6 seconds and forgetting was almost complete after 18 seconds(see the figure on the left). What is the most convincing evidence that short-term and long-term memory are distinct?Surprisingly,the strongest evidence comes from brain-damaged patients!Suppose there was only one memory system dealing with short-term and long-term memory.If that one and only memory system were damaged,performance would be impaired on all memory tasks regardless of wherther they involved short-term or long-term memory.In contrast,suppose there are separate short-term and long-term memory systems located in different parts of the brain.It follows that some brain-damaged patients should have impaired long-term memory but intact short-term memory,whereas others should have impaired short-term memory but intact long-term memory.If such finding were obtained,they would from a double dissociation(i.e.,some patients perform normally on task A but poorly on task B,whereas others perform normally on task B but poorly on task A).

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One of the bright spots in the market has been the Asia-Pacific region which has dramatically outperformed the global market in terms of both volume and value growth. 宜しくお願いします。

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What is the point of short-term memory in everyday life? Textbook writers sometimes argue that it allows us to remember a telephone number for the few seconds taken to dial it. However,even that function is rapidly becoming obsolete now most people have mobile phones that store all the phone numbers needed on a regular basis. In 1974,two British psychologists,Alan Baddeley and Graham Hitch,come up with a convincing answer to the above question.

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peterson and peterson(1959)studied the duration of short-term memory by using the task of remembering a three-letter stimulus while couting backwards by threes. the ability to remember the three letters in the correct order reduced to only about 50% after 6 seconds(see the figure on the left). what is the most convincing evidence that short-term and long-term memory are distinct? 翻訳お願いしますm(--)m

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How are short-term and long-term memory related? An inflluential answer was provided by Atkinson and Shiffrin(1968) in their multi-store model(see the figure below). They assumed that stimulation from the environment is initially received by the sensory stores. These stores are modality-specific,meaning there is a separate one for each sensoty modality(e.g.,vision;hearing). Information is held briefly in the sensory stores,with some franction being attended to and processed further within the short-term store.

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According to Ruchkin,Grafman,Cameron,and Berndt(2003,p.711),"Short-term memory corresponds to activated long-term memory and information is stored in the same systems that initially processed the information." For once, a theoretical controversy can be resolved without discussing experimental findings in detail. The information processed in short-term memory must already have made contact with information in long-term memory(Logie,1999). For example, our ability to engage in verbal rehearsal of visually presented words depends on prior contact with stored information concerning pronunciation.

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Since the 1960s the "futility" view (that the battle was an Anglo-French disaster) has been criticised as a myth. In recent years a nuanced version of the original orthodoxy has arisen, which does not seek to minimise the human cost of the battle but sets it in the context of industrial warfare, compares it to the wars in the United States from 1861–1865 and Europe from 1939–1945 and describes the development of the armies of 1914 into modern all-arms organisations, using the scientific application of fire-power on land and in the air, to defeat comparable opponents in a war of exhaustion. Little German and French writing on this topic has been translated, leaving much of the continental perspective and detail of German and French military operations inaccessible to the English-speaking world.

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よろしかければこの英文の翻訳をどうかお願いします。　 This has been particulatly evident in areas of Nikkeijin settlement where local authorities have adopted integrative policies to support foreign worker communities.

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The Crusades were a series of religious wars sanctioned by the Latin Church in the medieval period, especially the campaigns in the Eastern Mediterranean with the aim of capturing Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Islamic rule, to recapture Christian territory and defend Christian pilgrims. The term "crusades" is also applied to other campaigns sanctioned by the Church, fought to combat paganism and heresy or to resolve conflict among rival Roman Catholic groups, or to gain political or territorial advantage. The term crusades itself is early modern, modelled on Middle Latin cruciatae, and has in more recent times been extended to include religiously motivated Christian military campaigns in the Late Middle Ages.

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Baddeley and Hitch(1974) used the term working memory to refer to a system combining processing and short-term memory functions. According to Baddeley and Logie(1999,p.28), "working memory comprises multiple specialized components of cognition that allow humans to comprehend and mentally represent their immediate environment, to retain information about their immediate past experience,to support the acquisition of new knowledge,to solve problems,and to formulate,relate,and act on current goals." As we saw earlier, Atkinson and Shiffrin(1968) emphasizsed the importance of verbal rehearsal in short-term memory. Baddeley(e.g.,1986,2001) accepted that verbal rehearsal is important.

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however,we start by arguing that there is an important distinction between the information stored away in our brains for periods of time running into months or years(long-term memory)and information held very briefly in memory(short-term memory) 翻訳お願いします(__)

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The Korean language is similar to Japan in terms of grammar , and Chinese has Kanji characters.

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Belated awareness of the significance of the building work along the base of the Noyon Salient, has also been given as a reason for a cautious pursuit deliberately chosen, rather than an inept and failed attempt to intercept the German retirement. In Cavalry Studies: Strategical and Tactical (1907), Haig had described the hasty retreat of a beaten enemy and an organised withdrawal by a formidable force, capable of rapidly returning to the attack, to defeat a disorganised pursuit. In the case of an organised withdrawal, Haig described a cautious follow up by advanced guards, in front of a main force moving periodically from defensive position to defensive position, always providing a firm base on which the advanced guards could retire. The conduct of the Anglo-French pursuit conformed to this model. General Franchet d'Espérey proposed a hasty offensive to Nivelle, which was rejected in favour of strengthening the main French front on the Aisne.

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