言語学について

質問

言語学の専門書を読んでいるのですが、いまひとつ内容が掴めません。
できればパラグラフ毎の要約を教えてください。
よろしくお願いします。

Nominative／accusative systems usually seem very reasonable to speakers of Indo-European languages since most of these languages exhibit this kind of system.
The following examples from Yup'ik (alaska) illustrate another system for grouping S, A, and O.

In these examples the case marker "-aq" occurs on the S argument of an intransitive clause and O argument of a transitive clause.
If any morphological case marks A alone, it can be called the ERGATIVE case.
Similarly, any morphological case that marks both S and O can be termed the ABSOLUTE case.

This arrangement, known as an ERGATIVE ／ABSOLUTIVE system, is sporadic in European and African languages.
However, it is common in other areas of the world Ergativity occurs as a basic system for organizing grammatical relations in many languages of Australia, Central Asia,and the Americas.
It occurs as a partial case marking system in South Asia and in many other languages of the Americas.
Many Austronesian languages have also been claimed to exhibit this system.

In addition to morphological case marking on pronouns or full noun phrases, languages may manifest ergative／absolutive or nominative／accusative systems in person marking on verbs, and／or constituent order.
We have seen above that Quechua manifests a nominative／accusative system in case marking of noun phrases.
Quechua also manifests a nominative／accusative system for organizing grammatical relations in person marking on verbs.

In examples 28a, the third-person singular S of an intransitive verb is referred to by the suffix "-n".
In 28b, first-person S argument is expressed by the suffix "-a"(actually length on the final vowel of the root).
Examples 28c shows that suffix "-n" is also used for third-person A argument of transitive verbs.
Hence, A and S are treated morphologically alike by the person-making system of Quechua.
The fact that, in 28c, the first-person suffix for O arguments is "-ma" rather than "-a" illustrates that O and S are treated as different.
Again, this way of treating S and A alike and O differently constitutes a nominative／accusative system.
As might be expected, languages can also manifest an ergative ／absolutive GR system in person marking on verbs.
Yup'ik will again serve as our example of such a system:

In example 29a, the suffix "-nga" indicates a first-person singular S argument of an intransitive verc.
In 29b, the suffix "-q" marks the third-person s.
In 29c, the suffix "-nga" marks the first-person O argument of a transitive clause.
Since this is the same marker that is used for first-person S arguments, this suffix groups S and O together morphologically into an absolutive category.
The third-person singular A argument of a transitive clause is expressed by a suffix "-a" .
Since this suffix is different from the third-person S suffix, it can be said to identify ergative arguments.
Again, this treatment of S together with O as distinct from A constitutes an ergative／absolutive system.
Since constituent order is universally one major means of expressing grammatical relations, one might ask whether ergative／absolutive and／or nominative／accusative systems can be manifested in constituent order.

回答No.2

Oubli

主格(nominative)/対格(accusative)言語と能格(ergative)/絶対格(absolutive)言語について述べた文章です。長文の要約を求めるのは反則だと思いますので回答できません。
日本語も英語も主格/対格言語ですが、基本はこんな感じです：
ドアが開いた。（「ドアが」が自動詞の主語[主格]）
私がドアを開いた。（「私が」が他動詞の主語[主格]、「ドアを」が他動詞の目的語[対格]）
能格/絶対格言語では次のような感じになります：
ドアが開いた。（「ドアが」が絶対格）
私によりドアが開いた。（「私により」が能格、「ドアが」が絶対格）
つまり、主格/対格言語における自動詞の主語と他動詞の目的語が同じ形をとり、他動詞の主語は別の形になります。例文は日本語を無理やり能格/絶対格言語ぽくしたわけですが、通常このような構文になる言語が実際に存在するようです。

回答No.1

japaneseda

こんなにたくさん・・・

提案ですが、もう少し短くするとみんな答えてくれると思います。

いくつかのsentenceに分けてみては？

えらそうですいません。
僕はまだ高校生でして・・・・
（－。－９）