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質問

In Poland, the key provisions were to become fundamental laws that overrode any national legal codes or legislation. The new country pledged to assure "full and complete protection of life and liberty to all individuals...without distinction of birth, nationality, language, race, or religion." Freedom of religion was guaranteed to everyone. Most residents were given citizenship, but there was considerable ambiguity on who was covered. The treaty guaranteed basic civil, political, and cultural rights, and required all citizens to be equal before the law and enjoy identical rights of citizens and workers. Polish was of the national language, but the treaty provided that minority languages could be freely used privately, in commerce, religion, the press, at public meetings, and before all courts. Minorities were to be permitted to establish and control at their own expense private charities, churches and social institutions, as well as schools, without interference from the government. The government was required to set up German-language public schools in those districts that had been German territory before the war. All education above the primary level was to be conducted exclusively in the national language. Article 12 was the enforcement clause; it gave the Council of the League of Nations responsibility for monitoring and enforcing each treaty.The three South Caucasian republics of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia as well as the Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus each sent a delegation to the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. Their attempts to gain protection from threats posed by the ongoing Russian Civil War largely failed as none of the major powers was interested in taking a mandate over the Caucasian territories. After a series of delays, the three South Caucasian countries ultimately gained de facto recognition from the Supreme Council of the Allied powers, but only when all European troops had been withdrawn from the Caucasus except for a British contingent in Batumi. Georgia was recognized de facto on 12 January 1920, followed by Azerbaijan on the same day and Armenia on 19 January 1920. The Allied leaders decided to limit their assistance to the Caucasian republics to arms, munitions, and food supply.
The Armenian delegation was represented by Avetis Aharonyan, Hamo Ohanjanyan, Armen Garo and others. Azerbaijan's mission was headed by Alimardan Topchubashev. The delegation from Georgia included Nikolay Chkheidze, Irakli Tsereteli, Zurab Avalishvili, and others.

回答No.1

Nakay702 · ベストアンサー

＞In Poland, the key provisions were to become fundamental laws that overrode any national legal codes or legislation. The new country pledged to assure "full and complete protection of life and liberty to all individuals...without distinction of birth, nationality, language, race, or religion." Freedom of religion was guaranteed to everyone. Most residents were given citizenship, but there was considerable ambiguity on who was covered. The treaty guaranteed basic civil, political, and cultural rights, and required all citizens to be equal before the law and enjoy identical rights of citizens and workers.
⇒ポーランドでは、条約の主要条項は内国の法律や法的規範を凌駕する基本法とすることになっていた。新しい国は、「誕生地、国籍、言語、人種、宗教の違いは別にして…、すべての人に十分かつ完全な生命と自由の保護を保証する」と約束した。誰に対しても、宗教の自由は保証されていた。ほとんどの居住者には市民権が与えられたが、保護を受けている者についてはかなり曖昧であった。この条約は、基本的な市民的、政治的、文化的権利を保証し、すべての市民が法の前に平等であり、市民と労働者の同一の権利を享受することを要求した。

＞Polish was of the national language, but the treaty provided that minority languages could be freely used privately, in commerce, religion, the press, at public meetings, and before all courts. Minorities were to be permitted to establish and control at their own expense private charities, churches and social institutions, as well as schools, without interference from the government. The government was required to set up German-language public schools in those districts that had been German territory before the war. All education above the primary level was to be conducted exclusively in the national language.
⇒ポーランド語が国語であったが、少数民族の言語は、民間、商業、宗教、報道、公会議、そしてすべての裁判所で自由に使用できることが条約で規定された。少数民族は、政府からの干渉を受けることなく、自費で私立の慈善団体、教会、社会機関、および学校を設立し管理することが認められた。政府は、戦争前にドイツ領であった地区にドイツ語の公立学校を設置することを要請された。初等教育以上の教育はもっぱら国語で行われた。

＞Article 12 was the enforcement clause; it gave the Council of the League of Nations responsibility for monitoring and enforcing each treaty.The three South Caucasian republics of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia as well as the Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus each sent a delegation to the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. Their attempts to gain protection from threats posed by the ongoing Russian Civil War largely failed as none of the major powers was interested in taking a mandate over the Caucasian territories.
⇒第12条は、強制執行条項であった。各条項の強制執行と監視の責任が国際連盟の評議会に与えられた。北部コーカサス山岳共和国同様、アルメニア、アゼルバイジャン、グルジアの3つの南部コーカサス共和国が、それぞれ1919年に「パリ平和会議」に代表団を送った。継続中の「ロシア内戦」によってもたらされる脅威からの保護を得るための彼らの試みは、大国のいずれもがコーカサスの領土を掌握するのに興味がなかったので、ほとんど失敗した。

＞After a series of delays, the three South Caucasian countries ultimately gained de facto recognition from the Supreme Council of the Allied powers, but only when all European troops had been withdrawn from the Caucasus except for a British contingent in Batumi. Georgia was recognized de facto on 12 January 1920, followed by Azerbaijan on the same day and Armenia on 19 January 1920. The Allied leaders decided to limit their assistance to the Caucasian republics to arms, munitions, and food supply.
⇒一連の遅れの後、南コーカサス共和国3か国は最終的に連合国最高評議会から事実上の承認を得たが、それは、ようやくバツミにおける英国軍分遣隊を除くすべてのヨーロッパ軍隊がコーカサスから撤退したときであった。グルジアは、1920年1月12日に事実上認められ、同日のアゼルバイジャンと1920年1月19日のアルメニアが続いた。連合軍指導者は、諸コーカサス共和国への援助を武器、軍需品、食糧供給に限定することに決めた。

＞The Armenian delegation was represented by Avetis Aharonyan, Hamo Ohanjanyan, Armen Garo and others. Azerbaijan's mission was headed by Alimardan Topchubashev. The delegation from Georgia included Nikolay Chkheidze, Irakli Tsereteli, Zurab Avalishvili, and others.
⇒アルメニア代表団では、アベチス・アーロニヤン、ハノ・オハニジャンヤン、アルメン・ガロらがその代表団員であった。アゼルバイジャンの使節団は、アリバルダン・トプチュバシェフが率いていた。グルジアからの代表団には、ニコライ・チクヘイヅェ、イラクリ・ツェレテリ、ツラブ・アバリシブリらが含まれていた。

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