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質問

During 1915, the German armies on the Western Front increased the front line from one to three trenches, built a second trench system 1,500–3,000 yd (0.85–1.70 mi; 1.4–2.7 km) behind the front line and developed the defensive use of machine-guns and artillery, to restrict an attack to a bend (Ausbeulung) in the line. The Franco-British offensives in 1915 found the German defences in a state of continuous development, the building programme taking time to complete, due to a shortage of labour. In March 1915, Joffre concluded that a period of inactivity would benefit the Germans more than the French; General Ferdinand Foch, commander of the Groupe Provisoire du Nord (GPN), proposed an offensive in which a "general action" on the Western Front including the British, to confuse the defenders and pin down reserves, would complement a "decisive action", to break through the German defences at a place where the Germans would not be able to establish a new defensive front by a short retirement. Joffre accepted the proposals on 23 March, with the objective being the seizure of Vimy Ridge and exploitation of the success by an eastwards advance into the Douai plain. The French army had not completed an adaptation to siege warfare and much of the equipment necessary, particularly heavy artillery, did not exist. It had been impossible to synchronise operations in Artois with the First Battle of Champagne, which ended on 17 March. Debate within the army as to means and ends had led to two schools of thought, those who, like Joffre, favoured "continuous battle" (an attack without pause involving all resources) and advocates of "methodical battle" like Foch, who wanted to conduct offensives as series of attacks with pauses to reorganise and consolidate.
The theoretical bases of the forthcoming French offensive in Artois were collected in But et conditions d'une action offensive d'ensemble (Purpose and Conditions for Comprehensive Offensive Action) 16 April 1915 (and Note 5779) which had been compiled from analyses of reports received from the front since 1914. The document contained instructions on infiltration tactics, "rolling" barrages and poison gas, which were to be used systematically for the first time. Although doubtful about the capacity of the British to attack, Joffre wanted an offensive on the northern flank of the Tenth Army, to force the Germans to disperse their defences. At a meeting on 29 March, with Sir John French, the commander of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF), and Herbert Kitchener, the Secretary of State for War, it was agreed that the IX Corps (9e Corps d'Armée) and XX corps would be relieved at Ypres by British units and on 1 April, French agreed to attack at the same time as the Tenth Army.

回答No.1

Nakay702 · ベストアンサー

＞During 1915, the German armies on the Western Front increased the front line from one to three trenches, built a second trench system 1,500–3,000 yd (0.85–1.70 mi; 1.4–2.7 km) behind the front line and developed the defensive use of machine-guns and artillery, to restrict an attack to a bend (Ausbeulung) in the line. The Franco-British offensives in 1915 found the German defences in a state of continuous development, the building programme taking time to complete, due to a shortage of labour.
⇒1915年、西部戦線のドイツ軍は前線の塹壕を1本から3本に増やし、前線の1,500–3,000ヤード（0.85－1.7マイル; 1.4－2.7キロ）後ろに第2の塹壕システムを構築して、攻撃を戦線の湾曲部に制限すべく機関銃と砲列を展開した。1915年の仏英攻撃により、ドイツ軍の防衛施設は継続的な開発・進展状態にあり、労働力不足のため、建設予定の完了には時間がかかった。

＞In March 1915, Joffre concluded that a period of inactivity would benefit the Germans more than the French; General Ferdinand Foch, commander of the Groupe Provisoire du Nord (GPN), proposed an offensive in which a "general action" on the Western Front including the British, to confuse the defenders and pin down reserves, would complement a "decisive action", to break through the German defences at a place where the Germans would not be able to establish a new defensive front by a short retirement. Joffre accepted the proposals on 23 March, with the objective being the seizure of Vimy Ridge and exploitation of the success by an eastwards advance into the Douai plain.
⇒1915年3月、ジョフルは、活動していない期間はフランス軍よりもドイツ軍に利益をもたらすだろうと結論づけた。臨時北軍グループ（GPN）の司令官であるフェルディナン・フォッシュ将軍は、西部前線で（ドイツ軍の）防衛軍と常駐予備軍を混乱させるために、「決定的戦闘行動」を補完するような英国軍を含む「総体的戦闘行動」の攻勢を提案した。それは、ドイツ軍が短い退却では新しい防御前線を確立できないような場所でドイツ軍の防衛施設を突破するためであった。ジョフルは、ヴィミー・リッジの差し押さえとドゥーエ平野への東方進出による成功の開発を目的として、3月23日に提案を受け入れた。

＞The French army had not completed an adaptation to siege warfare and much of the equipment necessary, particularly heavy artillery, did not exist. It had been impossible to synchronise operations in Artois with the First Battle of Champagne, which ended on 17 March. Debate within the army as to means and ends had led to two schools of thought, those who, like Joffre, favoured "continuous battle" (an attack without pause involving all resources) and advocates of "methodical battle" like Foch, who wanted to conduct offensives as series of attacks with pauses to reorganise and consolidate.
⇒フランス方面軍は包囲戦（の実行準備）への適応を完了しておらず、必要な装備の多く、特に重砲は存在していなかった。アルトワでの作戦行動を「第一次シャンパーニュの戦い」と同期させることは不可能で、こちらは3月17日をもって終了した。軍隊内での手段と目的に関する議論は、2つの考え方の派閥につながった。ジョフルのように、「継続的な戦い」（すべての方策を含み、一時停止のない攻撃〔＝強行路線〕）を好む人々と、フォッシュのように、強化や再編成のための一時停止を伴う一連の攻撃として攻勢を行う「組織的な戦い」〔＝持久路線〕を主張する人々である。

＞The theoretical bases of the forthcoming French offensive in Artois were collected in But et conditions d'une action offensive d'ensemble (Purpose and Conditions for Comprehensive Offensive Action) 16 April 1915 (and Note 5779) which had been compiled from analyses of reports received from the front since 1914. The document contained instructions on infiltration tactics, "rolling" barrages and poison gas, which were to be used systematically for the first time.
⇒アルトワで目前に迫るフランス軍の攻勢の理論的根拠は、1914年以来前線から受け取った分析をまとめた1915年4月16日（および注記5779）の「包括的攻勢の目的と条件」（文書）に集められた。この文書には、潜入戦術、「ローリング（潜行）」集中砲火、毒ガスに関する指示などが含まれていた。これらは初めて体系的に使用されることになった。

＞Although doubtful about the capacity of the British to attack, Joffre wanted an offensive on the northern flank of the Tenth Army, to force the Germans to disperse their defences. At a meeting on 29 March, with Sir John French, the commander of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF), and Herbert Kitchener, the Secretary of State for War, it was agreed that the IX Corps (9e Corps d'Armée) and XX corps would be relieved at Ypres by British units and on 1 April, French agreed to attack at the same time as the Tenth Army.
⇒英国軍の攻撃能力については疑わしい面があったが、ジョフルはドイツ軍の防御能を分散させるために、第10方面軍の北側面に攻撃を仕かけることを望んだ。3月29日、英国遠征軍（BEF）の司令官ジョン・フレンチと戦争国務長官ハーバート・キッチェナーの会談で、第IX、第XX軍団は4月1日にイープルで英国軍部隊の救援を受けるという協定を結び、フランス軍は第10方面軍と同時点に（イープルを）攻撃することに同意した。

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