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Indeed, ill-discipline among the Australian force appears to have been an issue—perhaps due to the haste with which the AN&MEF had been raised and the poor character of some of those that were enlisted. Claims in the Australian media of criminal behaviour caused considerable controversy at the time, and later led to a parliamentary enquiry. In the end a number of soldiers were court martialled and imprisoned for looting and theft, although more serious allegations, including rape, also arose. Following the capture of the remaining German possessions in the region, the AN&MEF provided occupation forces for the duration of the war. Holmes subsequently established a military government which continued until 1921, after which Australia received a mandate from the League of Nations to govern the territory. The Australian military administration continued the exploitative economic policies of the previous German colonial administration, and official policy was to continue the status quo, including the use of indentured Melanesian labour on plantations, the levy of the "native head tax" and official floggings, or corporal punishment. Equally, despite previously being protected by the German colonial administration in 1914, the hunting of the native bird-of-paradise, crowned pigeon and white heron for the lucrative trade in their feathers and skin, was officially condoned and a custom tax levied on their export. Under the terms of the German surrender, Haber was allowed to return to Germany, while German civilians could remain as long as they swore an oath of neutrality. Those who refused were later transported to Australia, where they could freely travel back to Germany.
On 9 January 1915, Holmes handed over command of the AN&MEF to Brigadier General Sir Samuel Pethebridge, the former Secretary of the Department of Defence. Holmes returned to Australia and re-enlisted in the AIF, as did most of his men. They were replaced by the 3rd Battalion, AN&MEF which was known as the "Tropical Force" because it had been specially enlisted for service in the tropics. Pethebridge established the administrative structures that remained through the period of military occupation. Although required by international law to follow the German forms of government, the territory gradually acquired the appearance of a British colony. As a result of the peace settlement under the Treaty of Versailles in 1919, Germany lost all of its colonial possessions, including German New Guinea. The colony became the Territory of New Guinea, a League of Nations Mandate Territory under Australian administration in 1921. It remained as such until 1949, when it was merged with the Australian territory of Papua to become the Territory of Papua and New Guinea, which eventually became modern Papua New Guinea.

回答No.1

Nakay702 · ベストアンサー

＞Indeed, ill-discipline among the Australian force appears to have been an issue—perhaps due to the haste with which the AN&MEF had been raised and the poor character of some of those that were enlisted. Claims in the Australian media of criminal behaviour caused considerable controversy at the time, and later led to a parliamentary enquiry. In the end a number of soldiers were court martialled and imprisoned for looting and theft, although more serious allegations, including rape, also arose.
⇒確かに、オーストラリア軍団内の不規律は問題になっていたようで ― AN＆MEFにとって、おそらく参加した人々の一部の貧相な性格のせいで急増していたものと見える。オーストラリア報道機関における犯罪行為の主張は、当時かなりの論争を引き起こし、その後議会での調査につながった。レイプを含むより深刻な申し立てもあったが、結局大多数の兵士が略奪と盗難で裁かれ、投獄された。

＞Following the capture of the remaining German possessions in the region, the AN&MEF provided occupation forces for the duration of the war. Holmes subsequently established a military government which continued until 1921, after which Australia received a mandate from the League of Nations to govern the territory. The Australian military administration continued the exploitative economic policies of the previous German colonial administration, and official policy was to continue the status quo, including the use of indentured Melanesian labour on plantations, the levy of the "native head tax" and official floggings, or corporal punishment.
⇒この地域における残りのドイツ所有地攻略に続いて、AN＆MEFは戦争継続の期間のために占領軍を用意した。ホームズはその後軍事政権を設定したので、それが1921年まで続いたが、その後オーストラリア軍は国際連盟から領土統治のために委任統治令を受け取った。オーストラリアの軍事政権は、以前のドイツ植民地政権の搾取的な経済政策を継続し、その公式政策は、植林地でのメラネシア人の（年季奉公的）契約労働の利用、「原住民人頭税」の徴収、および公的鞭打ちまたは体罰を含む現状を継続することであった。

＞Equally, despite previously being protected by the German colonial administration in 1914, the hunting of the native bird-of-paradise, crowned pigeon and white heron for the lucrative trade in their feathers and skin, was officially condoned and a custom tax levied on their export. Under the terms of the German surrender, Haber was allowed to return to Germany, while German civilians could remain as long as they swore an oath of neutrality. Those who refused were later transported to Australia, where they could freely travel back to Germany.
⇒同様に、以前の1914年ではドイツの植民地政権によって保護されていたにもかかわらず、儲かる羽毛や皮革の貿易のために原地生息の極楽鳥、冠ハト、および白サギの狩猟が正式に認められ、輸出税が課された。ドイツ軍降伏の条件下で、ハーベルはドイツに戻ることを許されたが、ドイツの民間人は彼らが中立の宣誓を誓う限り残ることができた。拒否した人々は後にオーストラリアへ輸送され、そこからは自由にドイツへ戻ることができた。

＞On 9 January 1915, Holmes handed over command of the AN&MEF to Brigadier General Sir Samuel Pethebridge, the former Secretary of the Department of Defence. Holmes returned to Australia and re-enlisted in the AIF, as did most of his men. They were replaced by the 3rd Battalion, AN&MEF which was known as the "Tropical Force" because it had been specially enlisted for service in the tropics. Pethebridge established the administrative structures that remained through the period of military occupation.
⇒1915年1月9日、ホームズはAN＆MEFの指揮権を元国防長官の准将サミュエル・ペテブリッジ卿に引き渡した。ホームズはオーストラリアに戻り、彼の部下のほとんどと同様にAIF（大英帝国オーストラリア軍）に再参加した。熱帯地方での奉仕に特別参加していたことで「熱帯の力」として知られる第3大隊、AN＆MEFが彼らの後任についた。ぺテブリッジは、管理体制を確立し、それが軍事占領の期間を通じて残った。

＞Although required by international law to follow the German forms of government, the territory gradually acquired the appearance of a British colony. As a result of the peace settlement under the Treaty of Versailles in 1919, Germany lost all of its colonial possessions, including German New Guinea. The colony became the Territory of New Guinea, a League of Nations Mandate Territory under Australian administration in 1921. It remained as such until 1949, when it was merged with the Australian territory of Papua to become the Territory of Papua and New Guinea, which eventually became modern Papua New Guinea.
⇒国際法ではドイツの統治形態に従うことが要求されたが、その領土は次第に英国の植民地のような外観を呈していった。1919年の「ヴェルサイユ条約」に基づく和解の結果、ドイツはニューギニアを含む植民地時代の所有物をすべて失った。この植民地は、1921年にオーストラリアの管理下で国際連盟の委任統治ニューギニア領となった。1949年までオーストラリア領と合併してパプアとニューギニアの領土となり、最終的に現代のパプアニューギニアになった。

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