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During the advance of the III Corps and an attack on Méteren, the 4th Division issued divisional artillery orders, which stressed the concentration of the fire of the artillery, although during the battle the gunners fired on targets of opportunity, since German positions were so well camouflaged. As the fighting moved north into Belgian Flanders, the artillery found that Shrapnel shells had little effect on buildings and called for high explosive ammunition. During a general attack on 18 October, the German defenders achieved a defensive success, due to the disorganised nature of the British attacks, which only succeeded where close artillery support was available. The unexpected strength of the German 4th Army opposite, compounded British failings, although the partly trained, poorly led and badly equipped German reserve corps suffered high casualties.
German tactics developed during the battles around Ypres, with cavalry still effective during the early manoeuvring, although just as hampered by hedges and fenced fields, railway lines and urban growth as the Allied cavalry, which made the ground far better suited to defensive battle. German accounts stress the accuracy of Allied sniper fire, which led troops to remove the spike from Pickelhaube helmets and for officers to carry rifles to be less conspicuous. Artillery remained the main infantry-killer, particularly French 75 mm field guns, firing shrapnel at ranges lower than 1,000 yd (910 m). Artillery in German reserve units was far less efficient due to lack of training and fire often fell short. In the lower ground between Ypres and the higher ground to the south-east and east, the ground was drained by many streams and ditches, divided into small fields with high hedges and ditches, roads were unpaved and the area was dotted with houses and farmsteads. Observation was limited by trees and open spaces could be commanded from covered positions and made untenable by small-arms and artillery fire. As winter approached the views became more open as woods and copses were cut down by artillery bombardments and the ground became much softer, particularly in the lower-lying areas. The French, Belgian and British forces in Flanders had no organisation for unified command but General Foch had been appointed commandant le groupe des Armées du Nord on 4 October by Joffre. The Belgian army managed to save 80,000 men from Antwerp and retire to the Yser and although not formally in command of British and Belgian forces, Foch obtained co-operation from both contingents. On 10 October, Foch and French agreed to combine French, British and Belgian forces north and east of Lille, from the Lys to the Scheldt.

回答No.1

Nakay702 · ベストアンサー

＞During the advance of the III Corps and an attack on Méteren, the 4th Division issued divisional artillery orders, which stressed the concentration of the fire of the artillery, although during the battle the gunners fired on targets of opportunity, since German positions were so well camouflaged. As the fighting moved north into Belgian Flanders, the artillery found that Shrapnel shells had little effect on buildings and called for high explosive ammunition.
⇒第III軍団の進軍とメテレンに対する攻撃の間に、第4師団が師団（レベル）の砲撃命令を出して砲兵隊の砲火の集中を強調した。ただしドイツ軍の陣地が見事に偽装していたので、戦いの間、狙撃隊はうまく好機を捉えて標的に発砲した。戦いの場が北上してベルギーのフランドルに入ったので、砲兵隊はシュラプネル（社製）榴散弾が建物にほとんど影響を及ぼさないことに気づいて、高性能な弾薬を求めた。

＞During a general attack on 18 October, the German defenders achieved a defensive success, due to the disorganised nature of the British attacks, which only succeeded where close artillery support was available. The unexpected strength of the German 4th Army opposite, compounded British failings, although the partly trained, poorly led and badly equipped German reserve corps suffered high casualties.
⇒10月18日の総攻撃の間に、ドイツ軍守備隊は英国軍の混乱気味な攻撃のために防御の成功を達成したが、ただそれは、近くに砲兵隊の支援がある場合だけであった。敵対するドイツ第4方面軍の予想外の強さによって英国軍は混乱と失敗を喫したが、しかし、部分的にしか訓練していない、指揮のまずい、装備の不十分なドイツ予備軍団も致命傷を負った。

＞German tactics developed during the battles around Ypres, with cavalry still effective during the early manoeuvring, although just as hampered by hedges and fenced fields, railway lines and urban growth as the Allied cavalry, which made the ground far better suited to defensive battle. German accounts stress the accuracy of Allied sniper fire, which led troops to remove the spike from Pickelhaube helmets and for officers to carry rifles to be less conspicuous.
⇒ドイツ軍の戦術はイープルをめぐる戦いの間に発展し、初期機動戦の間の騎兵隊（攻撃）は効果的だった。ただし、生垣やフェンスで囲まれた牧草地が防護壁になるように、連合国軍の騎兵隊に対応して、鉄道線路や都市の成長などが戦いでその土地をより防御に適したものにした。ドイツ軍は説明で連合国軍の狙撃射撃の正確さを強調して、それはドイツ軍がハウブヘルメット（角兜〔つのかぶと〕）からスパイク（尖端）を取り除き、将校がより目立たないようにライフルを携帯することにつながった。
※全ての段落にわたってむずかしいですが、特にこの段落はよく分かりません。誤訳の節はどうぞ悪しからず。

＞Artillery remained the main infantry-killer, particularly French 75 mm field guns, firing shrapnel at ranges lower than 1,000 yd (910 m). Artillery in German reserve units was far less efficient due to lack of training and fire often fell short. In the lower ground between Ypres and the higher ground to the south-east and east, the ground was drained by many streams and ditches, divided into small fields with high hedges and ditches, roads were unpaved and the area was dotted with houses and farmsteads.
⇒砲兵隊は、歩兵殺しの主要兵器特にフランス製の75ミリ野戦砲を保持して、1000ヤード（910 m）以下の射程範囲で榴弾弾を発射していた。ドイツ軍の予備砲兵部隊は、訓練が不足していたためはるかに効率が悪く、砲撃弾がしばしば敵陣の手前に落ちた。イープルと南東および東の高地との間の低地では、地面は高い生垣と溝で小さな畑に分けられ、多くの小川と溝によって排水されていて、道路は未舗装で地域には家と農場が点在していた。

＞Observation was limited by trees and open spaces could be commanded from covered positions and made untenable by small-arms and artillery fire. As winter approached the views became more open as woods and copses were cut down by artillery bombardments and the ground became much softer, particularly in the lower-lying areas.
⇒観察は木々によって制限されたが、空地は保護された陣地から見渡すことができて、小火器と大砲の砲撃によっては防御できないようになっていた。冬が近づくにつれて、砲撃によって森や雑木林が削減され、地面がより柔らかくなり、特に低地では景色がより広々とした。

＞The French, Belgian and British forces in Flanders had no organisation for unified command but General Foch had been appointed commandant le groupe des Armées du Nord on 4 October by Joffre. The Belgian army managed to save 80,000 men from Antwerp and retire to the Yser and although not formally in command of British and Belgian forces, Foch obtained co-operation from both contingents. On 10 October, Foch and French agreed to combine French, British and Belgian forces north and east of Lille, from the Lys to the Scheldt.
⇒フランドルのフランス軍、ベルギー軍および英国軍は統一された指揮のための組織を持っていなかったが、10月4日、ジョフルによって、フォッシュ将軍が「北部方面軍グループ」指揮官に任命された。ベルギー軍は、アントワープから8万人を救出してイゼールに退去した。フォッシュは、正式には英国軍とベルギー軍の指揮官ではなかったが、両軍の分遣隊から協力を得た。10月10日、フォッシュとフレンチは、リスからシェルツにわたってフランス軍弾、英国軍団、ベルギー軍団をリールの北と東で組み合わせることに合意した。

お礼

回答ありがとうございました。