英語の文章の要約と和訳について -かつて吹き荒れて心に抱いたあの敵意は今や-

英語の一文の和訳について質問です。

Long periods of cohabitation in Edo, a city which was birthplace and childhood home of most of the domainal lords as well as the scene of their later compulsory residences, of outlook among them, and between them and ranking members of the Tokugawa lineage. という英文を長期の居住地であった江戸、それはほとんどの藩主の誕生地であり幼年期の家となった都市であり、同様にその後彼らが強制された住居であり、彼らの内部や彼らと徳川一門の地位の高い者たちとの間のものの見方であった。と訳した場合、正解になりますか？ outlookでものの見方と訳しています。

英語の文章とその訳があります。和訳は正しいですか？

In other words, in from and constitutional theory they ruled Japan not in their own sovereign right, but because the emperor had called on them to do so; from the outset they were supposed to be guardians of the nation as well as Tokugawa family chiefs. By the seventeenth century, of course, the office of shogun, together with its general prerogatives, was of respectable antiquity. 和訳他の言い方をすれば、その形態と法制上の理論においては、彼らは自らの統治権において日本を支配していたわけではなく、あくまで天皇が彼らにそれを命じたという理由からである。もともとから、徳川家の将軍も含めて、彼らは国家の護衛役と考えられていたのである。当然の成り行きとして、17世紀までに、幕府は全般的な特権を合わせ持つ確固たる伝統となっていた。

以下の英文を日本語訳して下さい。

By about 1800, Tokugawa administration at its topmost level had evolved into an elaborate coalition of different interests. These interests retained their separate identities, and important ties between them were frequently familial and tacit, rather than formal and institutional. The antagonisms that had once held sway were now little more than inherited memories, and there was a general acceptance of the existing regime for the sake of the rewards it conferred on court noble and daimyo as well as shogun, on senior cleric and clan elder as well as Tokugawa retainer. Beneath this pattern of government by a coalescence of elites lay the pluralistic structure of the baku-han system, with its diversification of administrative authority into one seminational and numerous local and autonomous power centers.

英語の一文なのですが、

The most notable of these was the policy whereby han administrations as well as the bakufu paid a fixed stipend to increasing numbers of samurai, and so resumed administrative control over lands originally granted to middle-rank retainers as petty fiefs. という文をすなわち、幕府同様、藩政府も行政も増加する武士に一定の固定給を支払うこととなり、それでもともとは中堅クラスの家臣たちに小規模な領地として与えられていた土地への行政管理を再開したと言う政策である。と訳した場合、正解になりますか？

英語の文章を訳して下さい。

The Battle of Koprukoy was part of the Caucasus Campaign during World War I between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire, and occurred as the Russians were advancing to Erzurum. The Russians achieved total surprise and broke through the Ottoman defenses, sending the Third Army retreating towards Erzurum. The Third Army was well positioned. There were two lines of defenses, carefully positioned to take advantage of the terrain, with wire obstacles to impede the attackers covered by machine guns backed up by artillery. The weakness of the position was a lack of reserves to deal with a break-through by the Russian Army.

英語の文章と和訳がありますが訳は正しいですか？

Central control was only one facet of Tokugawa government; local autonomy was also an integral part. Throughout their history as national rulers, the shoguns retained direct control over no more than about a quarter of the territory and people of Japan. This area had as its two focal points the Kanto plain and the Kinai district, and was known as the tenryo, or “heavenly domain.” The remaining three-quarters of the country was parceled out among the daimyo t rule as their own domains (han). In addition to functioning as local entities, han were combined with the bakufu to form a unique, viable, and interdependent nations political order. 和訳中央集権は徳川政権の一面に過ぎない。；地方自治も不可欠の部分であった。国の統治者としてのその歴史を通じて、将軍は日本という領土と人民のわずか約4分の1の直接統治を保持したに過ぎなかった。その範囲は、2つの中心点として、関東平野と畿内地域を持っていて、天領すなわち「天から与えられた領地」として知られた。国の残りの約4分の3は、大名の間で彼ら自身の領地（藩）として分配された。地方自治体としての機能に加えて、藩は幕府と組み合わさって、独特で発展性のある国家政治体制を形成した。

英語の文章と和訳があります。和訳は正しいですか？

The obedience of the daimyo was exacted under the guise of vassal loyalty. Those among them who had not already done so had to tender written oaths of obedience to Ieyasu after 1600 acknowledging him as their feudal overlord. These pledges were renewed by each successive daimyo of han, and by all the daimyo whenever a new shogun took office. Lords who disregarded Tokugawa wishes could be punished as disobedient vassals; the shogunate would reprimand them, retire them, or-in extreme cases-confiscate their fiefs. 和訳大名の服従は臣下としての忠誠心の名のもとに強要された。いまだそれに応じていない者は、1600年以降家康に、彼が武家の大領主であると認める服従を誓う誓詞を提出しなければならなかった。これらの誓詞は、個々の藩の大名後継者によって更新され、新しい将軍が就任した時はすべての大名によって更新された。徳川の意向に背く藩主は反抗的な家臣として処罰する事が可能だった。幕府はそうした者たちを叱責し、代替わりさせたり、極端な場合、領地を没収したりもした。

以下に英文と和訳があります。和訳は正しいですか？

Above all, he was lucky in having capable sons to take over the family fortunes when he died. Even though he was hardly a family man, and his wives and children meant little to him, the question of succession determined many of his attitudes. Certainly, in a period of thrusting and showy egotists who wanted as much as possible for themselves, the Tokugawa daimyo labored quietly for the good of his household, retainers as well as children, and refused to compete for purely personal glory. 和訳とりわけ、彼が死んだ時に家族の富を引き継ぐ有能な息子が彼にいたことは幸運だった。彼が家族的な男であることはほとんどなく、彼の妻や子どもは彼にとってほとんど意味が無かったとしても、承継の問題は彼の態度の多くを決定づけることになった。確かに出来るだけ多くのものを自分のものにしようとする出しゃばりで自己顕示欲の強いエゴイストたちの時代において、この徳川の大名は、家と家臣、そして子孫のために黙々と働き、純粋に個人に個人的な栄誉の為に争うことは拒否したのだった。

英語の文章と和訳があります。和訳は正しいですか？

It was the fudai han which most faithfully followed Tokugawa precedent and exhortation in internal d omain organization and legislation. It is not surprising, therefore, that the fudai houses should have been very closely identified with the bakufu. Its fortunes were their fortunes. 和訳最も忠実に徳川の慣例と領地内組織や法令における勧告に従ったのは譜代藩であった。したがって、譜代家は幕府と極めて緊密であると同一視されてきたのも驚きではない。幕府の運命は、彼らの運命であった。

英語の文章なのですが、

Such councils were the local equivalents of the shogun’s senior and junior councils, and under their general control the routine administration of the domains was carried on by a small number of high-ranking officials (bugyo) and deputies (daikan or gundai) in charge of groups of villages. という一文をそのような評議会は、幕府の老中や若年寄の評議会に相当する藩の会議であり、彼らの一般的統制の下で領地の日常的管理が少数の高位の役人（奉行）およびいくつかの村をまとめて担当する補佐官（代官あるいは郡代）によって遂行されていた。と和訳した場合、正解になりますか？

英語の質問

英語 1 How the two countries came to the same conclusion about the preservation of their natural resources, however, was different. 「だが、両国が天然資源の保護に関して同じ結論に達した経緯は異なる。」このHowは「How S V」で「SがVする方法」として、名詞節を導いているということでいいのでしょうか？ 2 Part of the Tokugawa solution for the problem of resource depletion in Japan was to conserve Japanese resources by causing resource depletion elsewhere, just as part of the solution of Japan and other developed countries to their resource depletion today is to cause resource depletion elsewhere. 「Part of the Tokugawa solution for the problem of resource depletion in Japan was to conserve Japanese resources by causing resource depletion elsewhere」を A 「part of the solution of Japan and other developed countries to their resource depletion today is to cause resource depletion elsewhere.」を B とすると、 A,just as B という形で、この訳が「Aだ。Bと同じである。」という感じなんですがこの「just as」をさがしても「途端に」、「同時であるさま」としか出てきません。「同じ」という意味はどこから出てきたんでしょうか？説明お願いします。

英語の文章と和訳があります。和訳は正しいですか？

In all but a few han the samurai had become permanent residents in the castle-town by 1650. Other factors were also at work to bring about a steady accumulation of power at the center. The most notable of these was the policy whereby han administrations as well as the bakufu paid a fixed stipend to increasing numbers of samurai, and so resumed administrative control over lands originally granted to middle-rank retainers as petty fiefs. Bureaucratization and centralization, on an admittedly piecemeal and local scale, were the order of the day. 和訳ほとんどの藩で1650年までに武士は城下町に定住するようになった。別の複数の要因も権力を徐々に中央に集めるのに作用した。このうちもっとも注目に値するのは、これを定めることにより、幕府同様藩の行政も増加する武士に一定の固定給を支払うこととなった政策であり、それにより、わずかな領地としてもともと身分的中間層の家臣に与えられていた土地への行政管理を再開したことだ。あきらかに断片的にそして局所的に、政治の官僚化と中央集権は時代の風潮だった。

文章構造がよくわかりません

，が多く、どう繋がっているかわからないので、文章構造を説明していただけたらと思います。 Yet, having said that, within the European context, Britain - and in particular, London - now has greater strategic importance because part of the Saudi, and broader Islamist, opposition is based there, as well as much of the Arab press, which is also subject to Saudi patronage and influence; and an important part of Saudi aims abroad is to counteract dissidence, as well as to　propagate their vision of Islam. oppositionとは何のことを指すのか、を含めご教授お願いします。

Japanの中の文章です。

次の文章は、江戸時代の「山片蟠桃」の言葉です。 Within the universe, there was reason (ri) which worked through matter (ki) to produce the world of man and things. Behind society as well there was reason and order if one could but comrehend it. 最後の文章の could but をうまく訳せません。大体の意味は解るのですが・・・・「人はそれを理解できないできない（わからない）かも知れないが」とでも訳すのでしょうか。その場合は but=not　に置き換えられますが、それで「いいのでしょうか。教えてください。この部分だけで結構です。

英語の文章の意味が分かりません。

和訳できる方、協力をお願い致します。この英語文の「range」は「並べる」と訳せば良いのでしょうか？それとも「～の一員になる」と訳すのでしょうか？辞書を引いたのですが、どう訳せば良いか分かりません。この文の全体の意味も良く分かりません。和訳できる方、教えて下さい。よろしくお願い致します。 Premium fabrics are used thoughout the range, luxury wool flannels, Egyptian cotton shirting in exclusive jacquard design, Italian printed nylons, Cashmere, silk blends and Merino. Fabrics are a mix of melange, printed and dyed options. An important element of the collection is the use of lambskin shearling on the collars as well as the karakul hat, a nod to the Eastern theme and one of the starting points of inspiration the season. The exclusive prints of the season were gathered from the early section of the Liberty archive. The new ''Marble'' print for example is a link to East Asian marbelling technique, started around 10th century, it was a popular handicraft in Great Britain in the 19th century. Colours in the collecton range from melange greys and navy, paired with neutrals such as sage, beige and khaki greens, Hifhlight include reds and bright blues.

英文と和訳があります。和訳は正しいですか？

Ieyasu’s career is the most controversial. His was a seemingly ordinary nature which rose to a serious of great occasions. Alone of the three he had to distinguish himself in warfare as well as statecraft, and he alone can be called a self-made man. His early life was spent in fighting and otherwise working his way back from the adversities of a youth spent as a political hostage to the Imagawa family. At this time not only was Ieyasu himself a captive, but the Tokugawa group of hereditary warrior-retainers teetered on the brink of complete dispersal. 和訳「家康の経歴は最も議論のあるところである。彼は一見したところありきたりの性格であるが、重大な場面では厳粛なものになるのである。三人の内、ただ一人、彼は政治にも戦争にも自らその手腕を示さなければならなかった。そして彼だけが自力で成し遂げた人と呼ぶことが出来る。彼の若い頃は戦とそれ以外は今川一族への政治的人質として過ごした幼少時代の逆境から立ち直ろうと過ごしていた。この時期、家康は自身が人質というにとどまらず、世襲の武士家臣たちからなる徳川一族は完全な離散間際であった。」

英語の文章を訳して下さい。

At the beginning of this period the British Merchant Marine had a shipping fleet totaling of 21 million GRT. In six months of unrestricted submarine warfare U-boats sank ¾ million tons of Allied shipping, scarcely denting the British merchant fleet; Whilst new building, and additions from ships seized, had more than made up this loss. On the other hand, serious offence had been given to neutrals such as Norway and the Netherlands, and brought the United States to the brink of war. This failure, and the various restrictions imposed on the U-boat Arm in the Atlantic area largely brought the campaign there to a halt, although it continued with little hindrance in the Mediterranean and elsewhere, where there was less likelihood of offending neutrals.

英語の文章を日本文に訳して下さい。

A number of pit-heads known as Fosses and auxiliary shafts called Puits had been built around Loos, when the area was developed by the mining industry; Fosse 8 de Béthune was close to the north end of a spoil-heap (Crassier) known as "The Dump". The Crassiers had been tunnelled or hollowed out by both sides, to provide observation-posts and machine-gun nests. The Dump was 20-foot (6.1 m) high, with an excellent view in all directions. New fortifications were built as quickly as possible, after the Franco-British offensives in May and June 1915. At Dump and Fosse trenches, on a slight rise 400 yards (370 m) in front of the original front line, a new defensive work wired for all-round defence was built and named the Hohenzollernwerk. The face of the redoubt was 300 yards (270 m) long and curved, with extensions to join with "Big Willie" Trench to the south and "Little Willie" Trench to the north. British planners judged the Hohenzollern Redoubt to be the strongest defensive-work on the whole of the front. In the area of Fosse 8, more fortifications were built in July by the German 117th Division, after it had fought at Vimy Ridge in May and June; once a period of reorganisation at Roubaix was over, the division returned to the line on 9 July. On 25 September, the two leading battalions of the 26th Brigade attacked from the jumping-off trench at 6:30 a.m., under the cover of the gas discharge, a smoke-shell barrage from Stokes mortars and phosphorus grenades, which formed a thick yellow screen. The gas was not blown far into no man's land and many British troops were poisoned. The gas and smoke persisted for long enough for the first infantry companies in the attack to form up behind it, ready to advance when the British artillery lifted off the German front trenches. The right-hand battalion advanced through the screen, into German small-arms fire, found the wire well cut but quickly entered the German trenches, finding little organised resistance from the garrison. The battalion bombed forward along communication trenches, North Face and South Face trenches to reach Fosse Trench around 7:00 a.m., with few additional casualties. The troops continued towards Fosse 8, the cottages nearby and The Dump, as German troops retired towards Auchy and by 7:30 a.m. the British had reached Three Cabarets and occupied Corons Trench east of the fosse, before pausing to re-organise. The left-hand battalion waited for ten minutes for the gas and smoke, to move towards their objective at Little Willie Trench but then advanced through it at 6:40 a.m. regardless. As the British emerged from the screen they were engaged by fire from Madagascar ("Mad") Point to the left, which inflicted many losses on the first lines of infantry. The advance accelerated and Little Willie was entered, the wire having been well cut. The Germans firing from Mad Point, were forced to change targets to the 28th Brigade on the left which was attacking directly towards the point, which gave the battalion enough time to reach Fosse Trench at 7:10 a.m. The miners' cottages ahead had been captured by the right-hand battalion and by 7:45 a.m. the battalion reached Three Cabarets and Corons de Pekin to the north of the Dump. Many more casualties had been incurred by this battalion and a supporting battalion had advanced to reinforce it, which had then been caught by machine-guns firing from Mad Point and also had many casualties.

英語の短文の和訳について質問です。

In Tokugawa times, this pluralist structure was given a distinctive imprint, becoming at once more authoritarian and more pervasive, and so more powerful on both counts. という英文を徳川時代ではこの多元的構造が、独特の特徴をとって、両方の点でも直ちに一層独裁的で広範でもあり、また強力でもあるようになっていった。と和訳した場合、正しい訳と言えますか？ここでは、 pluralist structure　「多元的構造」 a distinctive imprint　「独特の特徴」 at once...and~　「・・・でもあり、また～でもある」 on both counts　「両方の点で（権威主義的であるという点と、広く行き渡っているという点の両方において）」と訳しています。

英語の文章と訳があります。和訳は正しいですか？

After Sekigahara, Ieyasu immediately attended to the important matter of titles. Fortunately for him, Yoshiaki, the titular Ashikaga shogun, had recently died; and although the authentic genealogy of the Tokugawa house did not stretch back beyond the fifteenth century, Ieyasu had little difficulty claiming appropriate Minamoto lineage to take the title of sei-i-tai-shogun for himself and his descendants. The court meekly issued the formal letter of appointment towards the end of 1603. Ieyasu was shogun for only two years, since in 1605 he arranged for the title to be passed on to his son, Hidetada. He lived on for another eleven years, and in his ostensible retirement was as busy as ever, but he preferred to watch over the affairs of the nation and his house, rather than be concerned with details of routine administration. 和訳関ヶ原の合戦ののち、家康はすぐに関心を向けた称号という重要な問題に。幸いなことに将軍職を持っていた足利義昭がごく最近亡くなったのです。徳川家の正当な系譜は15世紀をさかのぼることは無かったが、家康は彼自身とその子孫が征夷大将軍の地位を得るための正当な源氏の流れであることを宣言するのに何の困難もなかった。朝廷は従順に1603年の暮れ（将軍宣下する旨の）勅令を出した。1605年に息子の秀忠に位を譲ったので、家康が将軍だったのは2年間だけだった。隠居した後、11年間存命だったが、表向きの引退をして以降も相変わらず多忙を極めたが、幕府運営の些事に関わるよりも国家や幕府の行く末を見守ることを好んだ。

英語の文章の要約と和訳について

英語の文章の一文について質問です。

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お礼 2016/01/21 21:04

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英語の文章と和訳があります。和訳は正しいですか？

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