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Nonrecurring-items delayed
nonmatching-to-sample in rats: A new paradigm for testing nonspatial working memory
Rats were trained on a nonrecurring-items delayed nonmatching-to-sample task, using a newly designed apparatus and a training protocol similar to that used in experiments on nonspatial working memory in humans and monkeys. On each trial, the rats were briefly presented with a sample object, which was presented again along with another object after a delay; the rats were rewarded with food if they chose the novel object. New stimuli were used on each trial. With delays of 4 sec between the sample and choice runs, the rats learned the task to 90% accuracy in less than 250 trials. When the delay was subsemrently increased to 15, 60, 120, and 600 see, the rats scored approximately 91%, 81%, 77%, and 57%, respectively. These results establish that rats are capable of excellent performance on a nonspatial working-memory task that is compara-ble to those commonly used in monkey models of amnesia, and they suggest that the nonrecurring-items delayed nonmatching-to-sample paradigm may prove valuable in modeling brain-damage—produced amnesia in rats.
laboratory animals often perform poorly on tests of nonspatial working memory, despite performing well on similar tests of spatial working memory. For example, both monkeys (see, e.g., D'Amato, 1973; Nissen, Riesen, dz Nowlis, 1938) and rats (see, e.g., Alexirrsky dc Chapouthier, 1978) perform poorly on conventional non-spatial delayed matching-to-sample and delayed nonmatching-to-sample tasks, although they perform well on comparable tasks that involve spatial stimuli (see, e.g., Nissen et al., 1938, monkeys; van Haaren & van Host, 1989, rats). The poor performance of laboratory animals on nonspatial working~memory tasks has contributed to the view that the mnemonic abilities required to perform them have their phylogenetic Origins in humans (see Iverson, 19?6; Nissen er al., 1938). It is now clear, however, that the poor performance of laboratory animals in many studies of nonspatial working memory does not reflect a lack of the prerequisite mnemonic abilities; it is rather an artifact of the methods typically used in these studies. Conventional nonspatial working-memory protocols involve a small set of test stimuli that are presented repeatedly, trial after trial. In the mid l9i'Os, it was shown by Gaffan (1974) and by Mishkin and Delacour (1975) that monkeys excel on a nonspatial working-memory task in which novel stimuli are presented on each trial—the nonrecurring-items delayed nonmatching-tdsample task. In the nonrecurring-items delayed nonmatching—to—sample task, each monkey is presented with a sample object, and following a retention interval during which the sample is hidden from view, the sample object is presented again, along with a novel item; the monkey is rewarded for selecting the novel item from this pair.
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