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質問

Keupri-Keni was recaptured by the Ottoman army on 14 November, the Sultan proclaimed Jihad, next day the Battle of Cracow (15 November – 2 December) began and the Second Russian Invasion of North Hungary (15 November – 12 December) commenced. The Second German Offensive against Warsaw opened with the Battle of Łódź (16 November – 15 December).
Great Retreat
Main article: Great Retreat
The Great Retreat was a long withdrawal by the Franco-British armies to the Marne, from 24 August – 28 September 1914, after the success of the German armies in the Battle of the Frontiers (7 August – 13 September). After the defeat of the French Fifth Army at the Battle of Charleroi (21 August) and the BEF in the Battle of Mons (23 August), both armies made a rapid retreat to avoid envelopment. A counter-offensive by the French and the BEF at the First Battle of Guise (29–30 August), failed to end the German advance and the Franco-British retreat continued beyond the Marne. From 5–12 September, the First Battle of the Marne ended the retreat and forced the German armies to retire towards the Aisne river, where the First Battle of the Aisne was fought from 13–28 September.
Tactical developments
Flanders
Main article: Siege of Maubeuge
After the retreat of the French Fifth Army and the BEF, local operations took place from August–October. General Fournier was ordered on 25 August to defend the fortress at Maubeuge, which was surrounded two days later by the German VII Reserve Corps. Maubeuge was defended by fourteen forts, a garrison of 30,000 French territorials and c. 10,000 French, British and Belgian stragglers. The fortress blocked the main Cologne–Paris rail line, leaving only the line from Trier to Liège, Brussels, Valenciennes and Cambrai open to the Germans, which was needed to carry supplies southward to the armies on the Aisne and transport troops of the 6th Army northwards from Lorraine to Flanders. On 7 September, the garrison surrendered, after super-heavy artillery from the Siege of Namur demolished the forts. The Germans took 32,692 prisoners and captured 450 guns. Small detachments of the Belgian, French and British armies conducted operations in Belgium and northern France, against German cavalry and Jäger.
On 27 August, a squadron of the Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) flew to Ostend, for reconnaissance sorties between Bruges, Ghent and Ypres. Royal Marines landed at Dunkirk on the night of 19/20 September and on 28 September, a battalion occupied Lille. The rest of the brigade occupied Cassel on 30 September and scouted the country in motor cars; an RNAS Armoured Car Section was created, by fitting vehicles with bullet-proof steel.

回答No.1

Nakay702 · ベストアンサー

＞Keupri-Keni was recaptured by the Ottoman army on 14 November, the Sultan proclaimed Jihad, next day the Battle of Cracow (15 November – 2 December) began and the Second Russian Invasion of North Hungary (15 November – 12 December) commenced. The Second German Offensive against Warsaw opened with the Battle of Łódź (16 November – 15 December).
⇒11月14日にケウプリ‐ケニがオスマン軍に奪還され、スルタン（トルコ皇帝）が聖戦を宣言した翌日「クラコフの戦い」（11月15日－12月2日）が開始され、ロシアの「第二次北ハンガリー侵攻」（11月15日－12月12日）が始まった。ドイツの「対ワルシャワ第二次攻勢」は、「ウッチの戦い」（11月16日‐12月15日）をもって開戦となった。

＞Great Retreat
　Main article: Great Retreat　The Great Retreat was a long withdrawal by the Franco-British armies to the Marne, from 24 August – 28 September 1914, after the success of the German armies in the Battle of the Frontiers (7 August – 13 September). After the defeat of the French Fifth Army at the Battle of Charleroi (21 August) and the BEF in the Battle of Mons (23 August), both armies made a rapid retreat to avoid envelopment. A counter-offensive by the French and the BEF at the First Battle of Guise (29–30 August), failed to end the German advance and the Franco-British retreat continued beyond the Marne. From 5–12 September, the First Battle of the Marne ended the retreat and forced the German armies to retire towards the Aisne river, where the First Battle of the Aisne was fought from 13–28 September.
⇒大撤退
　主要記事：大いなる撤退　この大撤退は、「国境の戦い」（1914年8月７日－9月13日）でドイツ軍が成功した後、8月24日－9月28日の仏英両方面軍によるマルヌへの長い撤退であった。「シャルルロアの戦い」（8月21日）でフランス第5方面軍が、「モンスの戦い」（8月23日）でBEFがそれぞれ敗北した後、両軍は包囲を避けるために急速後退した。「第一次ギーズの戦い」（8月29－30日）でのフランス軍とBEFによる反撃は、ドイツ軍の前進を終わらせることに失敗し、仏英軍の撤退はマルヌ川を越えて続いた。（しかし）9月５日－12日、「第一次マルヌの戦い」では後退を終え、9月13日－28日に行われた「第一次エーヌの戦い」ではドイツ軍にエーヌ川への退去を余儀なくさせた。

＞Tactical developments　Flanders　Main article: Siege of Maubeuge　After the retreat of the French Fifth Army and the BEF, local operations took place from August–October. General Fournier was ordered on 25 August to defend the fortress at Maubeuge, which was surrounded two days later by the German VII Reserve Corps. Maubeuge was defended by fourteen forts, a garrison of 30,000 French territorials and c. 10,000 French, British and Belgian stragglers.
⇒戦術的展開　フランドル
　主要記事：モベージュの包囲　フランス第5方面軍とBEFが撤退した後、8月－10月に局地作戦行動が行われた。フルニエ将軍は、8月25日にモベージュ要塞の守備を命じられていたが、2日後にドイツ第VII予備軍団に囲まれた。モベージュは14か所の砦、30,000人のフランス駐屯軍守備隊、約10,000人のフランス軍、英国軍およびベルギー軍の戦闘員によって守られていた。

＞The fortress blocked the main Cologne–Paris rail line, leaving only the line from Trier to Liège, Brussels, Valenciennes and Cambrai open to the Germans, which was needed to carry supplies southward to the armies on the Aisne and transport troops of the 6th Army northwards from Lorraine to Flanders. On 7 September, the garrison surrendered, after super-heavy artillery from the Siege of Namur demolished the forts. The Germans took 32,692 prisoners and captured 450 guns. Small detachments of the Belgian, French and British armies conducted operations in Belgium and northern France, against German cavalry and Jäger.
⇒この要塞はケルン－パリ間の主要鉄道路線を封鎖し、トリーアからリエージュ、ブリュッセル、バレンシエンヌ、そしてカンブレへの路線だけがドイツ人に（も）開放されていたが、それは南方向ではエーヌの方面軍に供給品を運び、北方向ではロレーヌからフランドルの第6方面軍の軍隊を輸送するために（も）必要であった。9月7日、ナミュールの包囲隊からの超重砲に砦を破壊された後、駐屯軍は降伏した。ドイツ軍は32,692人の兵を捕縛し、450丁の銃を捕獲した。ベルギー、フランス、および英国方面軍の小さな分遣隊が、ドイツ軍の騎兵隊とイェーガー（狙撃隊）に対して、ベルギーとフランス北部で作戦行動を敢行した。

＞On 27 August, a squadron of the Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) flew to Ostend, for reconnaissance sorties between Bruges, Ghent and Ypres. Royal Marines landed at Dunkirk on the night of 19/20 September and on 28 September, a battalion occupied Lille. The rest of the brigade occupied Cassel on 30 September and scouted the country in motor cars; an RNAS Armoured Car Section was created, by fitting vehicles with bullet-proof steel.
⇒8月27日、ブルージュ、ゲント、イープル間の偵察出撃のため、英国海軍航空隊（RNAS）の飛行隊がオステンドに向かった。英王立海兵隊は9月19/20日の夜にダンキルクに上陸し、9月28日には大隊がリールを占領した。旅団の残り部隊が9月30日にカッセルを占領し、自動車でその地域を襲撃した。RNASは、車両防弾鋼を装着して装甲車小隊を創設した。

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回答ありがとうございました。