国連の世界貿易レポートを読んでいるのですが、イマイチ理解できません。
大変長い文章ですが、和訳していただけませんでしょうか。
どうかよろしくお願いします。
As noted above, GVC participation – or the role that individual countries play in international production networks – is driven by many different factors, from size of the economy to industrial structure and level of industrialization, composition of exports and positioning in value chains, policy elements, and others. As a result, countries with very different characteristics may be very similar in the ranking of GVC participation (figure IV.9). The GVC participation of many countries relates substantially to GVC interactions within their respective regions. Instead of a global reach, most value chains have a distinctive regional character, as shown in figure IV.10. North and Central American value chain links are especially strong, as are intra- European Union ones. The largest extraregional bilateral GVC flows are between Germany and the United States, China and Germany, and Japan and the United States, in that order.
The share of global value added trade captured by developing economies is increasing rapidly. It grew from about 20 per cent in 1990, to 30 per cent in 2000, to over 40 per cent in 2010. As a group, developing and transition economies are capturing an increasing share of the global value added trade pie (figure IV.11). As global trade grows, developed economies appear to rely increasingly on imported content for their exports, allowing developing countries to add disproportionately to their domestic value added in exports.
Some of the larger emerging markets, such as India, Brazil, Argentina and Turkey, have relatively low GVC participation rates. These countries may have lower upstream participation levels, both because of the nature of their exports (natural resources and services exports tend to have less need for imported content or foreign value added)
and because larger economies display a greater degree of self-sufficiency in production for exports. They may also have lower downstream participation levels because of a focus on exports of so-called final-demand goods and services, i.e. those not used as intermediates in exports to third countries.
Investment and trade are inextricably intertwined. Much of trade in natural resources is driven by large cross-border investments in extractive industries by globally operating TNCs. Market-seeking foreign direct investment (FDI) by TNCs also generates trade, often shifting arm’slength trade to intra-firm trade. Efficiency-seeking FDI, through which firms seek to locate discrete parts of their production processes in low-cost locations, is particularly associated with GVCs; it increases the amount of trade taking place within the international production networks of TNCs and contributes to the “double counting” in global trade flows discussed in this report.
この英文の意味を教えて下さい。
Again, there are clues and stories that seem to be throwing some light.
For instance, many kinds of birds are known to use star maps.
In the early weeks of life the baby birds sit in their nets and study the night sky- and are somewhat confused if those early weeks are too cloudy.
But they do not, as human amateur astronomers might do , spend their time learning the individual constellations - how to recognize Orion or trace the fanciful outline of Taurus, or whatever.
Instead, they focus on the part that does not move as the night progress, which in the Northern Hemisphere means the North Star.
They can see, if they look at it long enough, that as the night progresses, all the stars in the sky, including the mighty Orion and the notional Taurus, seem to revolve around the Pole Star, which sits in the middle like the central part of a giant cartwheel
Once they recognize the central part, the most fundamental problem is solved.
The creature that can do this knows where north is and everything else can be figured out.
I don't know what the equivalent would be in the Southern Hemisphere, but undoubtedly there is one.
Navigation simply does not seem to need the details of astronomy.
October 2, 2013
Obama Sets Conditions for Talks: Pass Funding and Raise Debt Ceiling
By JACKIE CALMES and JONATHAN WEISMAN
WASHINGTON — In their first meeting since a budget impasse shuttered many federal operations, President Obama told Republican leaders on Wednesday that he would negotiate with them only after they agreed to the funding needed to reopen the government and also to an essential increase in the nation’s debt limit, without add-ons.
The president’s position reflected the White House view that the Republicans’ strategy is failing. His meeting with Congressional leaders, just over an hour long, ended without any resolution.
As they left, Republican and Democratic leaders separately reiterated their contrary positions to waiting reporters. The House speaker, John A. Boehner, Republican of Ohio, said Mr. Obama “will not negotiate,” while the Senate majority leader, Harry Reid, Democrat of Nevada, said Democrats would agree to spending at levels already passed by the House. “My friend John Boehner cannot take ‘yes’ for an answer,” Mr. Reid said.
The meeting was the first time that the president linked the two actions that he and a divided Congress are fighting over this month: a budget for the fiscal year that began on Tuesday and an increase in the debt ceiling by Oct. 17, when the Treasury Department will otherwise breach its authority to borrow the money necessary to cover the nation’s existing obligations to citizens, contractors and creditors.
Government Gets Back to Business, but Effects of the Shutdown Linger
By MICHAEL D. SHEAR
WASHINGTON — The United States government sputtered back to life Thursday after President Obama and Congress ended a 16-day shutdown, reopening tourist spots and clearing the way for federal agencies to deliver services and welcome back hundreds of thousands of furloughed workers.
Across the country, the work and play of daily life, stalled for more than two weeks, resumed at federal offices, public parks, research projects and community programs. Museums opened their doors. Federal money for preschool programs started flowing again. Scientists at the South Pole began ramping up their work.
And the National Zoo’s panda cam flickered on again (though a flood of online visitors soon crashed it).
For Shafiqullah Noory, on his first trip to the United States from Afghanistan, the legislative deal came just when he needed it. Sitting on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial, admiring the view of the Washington Monument, he said he knew why Abraham Lincoln had been an important leader.
“If you have the unity, you have the prosperity,” he said. “And then everything comes after that.”
In Boston, tourists once again spilled into the Charlestown Navy Yard, the national historic park that contains the Constitution, the world’s oldest commissioned warship afloat. Among them was Dorothy Bank, a retired kindergarten teacher from North Carolina, who was just about to leave Boston for a foliage tour in New England.
“I was hoping it would be open; we didn’t know whether it would be in time,” she said, noting the uncertainty of the legislative fight in Washington. Of the ship, she said, “I like it as a part of history.”
僕に海外の友人が英語について教えてくれているのですが、詳しく知りたいので力を貸して頂けると有り難いです。よろしくお願いします。
* If you say "it does not serve as a bed" that typically means that it is not able to be used as a bed.
In the next sentence you mention that sometimes you like to sleep in it, so a better way to describe what you're saying could be...
"A kotatsu will serve as a table, but it's not intended to be used as a bed."
This way you're saying that it's not supposed to be a bed, but you could use it that way if you really wanted to.
* I wasn't sure if this is what you were trying to say so I guessed.
On Day of Symbolism, Honoring Kennedy, and Successor He Inspired
By MARK LANDLER
WASHINGTON — Standing wordlessly before a flickering flame, their faces etched in the sunlight slanting through a canopy of thinning trees, two Democratic presidents came together Wednesday at Arlington National Cemetery to honor the memory of a third.
President Obama and former President Bill Clinton walked up a hillside to the grave of John F. Kennedy, where, joined by Michelle Obama and Hillary Rodham Clinton, they laid a wreath to commemorate the 50th anniversary of Kennedy’s death by an assassin’s bullet.
A military bugler called out taps, the mournful notes resounding on a crisp, clear autumn day that seemed a softer echo of the stark grandeur of the state funeral on Nov. 25, 1963.
It was the emotional highlight of a day laden with symbolism, uniting Democratic presidents past, present and possibly future, to pay tribute to a beloved predecessor, a leader whose legacy and family played a formative role in the lives of Mr. Obama and Mr. Clinton.
The president and the former president escorted Ethel Kennedy to the grave site. Later, they mingled with members of the Kennedy family. In timing that scarcely seemed accidental, Caroline Kennedy, who recently took up her post as Mr. Obama’s ambassador to Japan, had left for Tokyo only days before this week’s milestone.
By THE EDITORIAL BOARD
Nelson Mandela, who died on Thursday at age 95, fully deserved the legendary stature he enjoyed around the world for the last quarter-century of his life.
He was one of the most extraordinary liberation leaders Africa, or any other continent, ever produced. Not only did he lead his people to triumph over the deeply entrenched system of apartheid that enforced racial segregation in every area of South African life; he achieved this victory without the blood bath so many had predicted and feared.
And, as South Africa’s first president elected by the full democratic franchise of all its people, he presided over a landmark Truth and Reconciliation process that finally allowed apartheid’s victims a measure of official recognition and acknowledgment of their suffering.
Mr. Mandela’s enormous strength of character steeled him for his long struggle and ultimate victory over apartheid. Even deeper resources of political wisdom and courage steered him toward the course of constructive reconciliation over destructive vengeance.
Mr. Mandela did not, of course, achieve all of this on his own. The movement he led, the African National Congress, was sustained by lesser-known activists and martyrs, many of whom did not live to see the day of victory they had dreamed of for so long. And the country’s peaceful transition owes a huge debt to the apartheid era’s last white president, F. W. de Klerk, who in 1990 ordered an end to Mr. Mandela’s 27-year imprisonment and negotiated with him and others the terms of the political transition. Three years later, Mr. Mandela and Mr. de Klerk shared the Nobel Peace Prize.
ご親切な方、お願いいたします!!m(_ _)m
place where ～
1ここが私が生まれた病院です。
2事故が起こったのはここですか。
3彼の泊まっているホテルは駅に近い。
4彼女がパンを買うのはこの店です。
5ここは戦争中アンネが隠れていた部屋です。
time when ～
1僕は弟が生まれた日のことを覚えている。
2土曜日は父が勤めに行かない日です。
3月曜日はあの人の一番忙しい日です。
4 1980年は彼がアメリカにいた年です。
5それはまだ彼が若い頃のことでした。
ご親切な方、お願いいたします。
《名詞+where（when）節》
1私が生まれた町はここから１０キロ南にあります。
2私どもが住んでいたそのオーストリアの町には広い公園がありました。
3動物園とは動物を飼育しkeepて一般の人々に見せるfor public to see所です。
4「雪の降らない所に住みたいわ。」と言うのが母の口癖でした。
5この矢印arrowが二つの川の合流点where meetを示しています。
6休日とは人々が勤めに出かけない日のことです。
7あなたは私たちが初めて会った時のことを覚えていらっしゃいますか。
8太陽が新しいエネルギー源として広くin many ways用いられる日も遠くないthe day is not far off whenことだろう。
9君がこれらの本を必要とする時がきっと来るtime will come whenでしょう。
10大変疲れて、勤めに行きたくないような日があるものです。
Some foreigners say that when they listen to Japanese people speaking , they are ((1))
to follow their logic and don't even understand what is being discussed .
Why does this happen?
Well western logic in communication is constructed and understood in a different manner than that of Japanese.
A typical western approach for communicating a set of ideas is by saying the main point first.
In ((2)) words , start with the most important idea and then support in with
other points and example.
At last , a conclusion and perhaps a summary are offered.
If you hear the Japanese approach being used, you may find that the first sentences given contain background information and that the main point is often not there at all.
This approach of constructing ideas is called Ki Sho Ten Ketsu ,Ki refers to the starting point mentioned above, when general background information is given .Sho refers to the speech that supports the Ki part.
At this stage,it is still quite difficult in many cases to ascertain when the main point is.
And what's even more confusing is the part known as Ten,which provides a completely
((3)) story or idea from what is grasped through listening to the Ki and Sho parts.
The conclusion is called Ketsu.
When listening to thispart,you will discover that the three parts before it support a main idea,which at last is given in this final part.
In Japanese it is always recommendable to hold onto your questions or comments until the end of what is being said.
Of cとourse,this goes for visitors in Japan,too.
Dont't expect to be interrupted while you're speaking.Remember,silence is considered golden when other people are engage in anything from a presentation to a story.
☆和訳と和訳時の注意点を
分かりやすくお願いできますか？
☆((1))unable ((2))other ((3))easy で
合っていますか？
以上、宜しくお願いします。
The young woman's injuries were serious - third-degree burns over 35% of her body. It took 27 months for her to recover. Unfortunately, the burns on her legs damaged the muscles so severely that she could never perform again.
The physical recovery did not mark the end of the healing process. The psychological damage was much deeper and more painful than the terrible burns. Yet this young woman found the courage and strength to cope with the disappointments from the accident. In the hospital, she saw other people who had injuries worse than hers. She leaned that talking about one's problems relieves some of the pain. Most important of all, she leaned that she was not alone, That knowledge enabled her to go on with her life-a new kind of life but one that she has filled with new meaning and new joy.
The story of how this young ballerina coped with disappointments inspires me whenever I feel " down in the dumps." It is the story of my sister Teena.
When things go wrong, I urge you to stop thinking about yourself. If you look around, you will see that everybody has disappointments, often far worse than yours. Watch and study how other women and men cope with disappointments. Many face their problems with courage and determination. Their example can inspire you to find the strength to react.
I would like to share with you the moving story of a young woman who courageously overcome the stress caused by a terrible burn accident. This young woman was a talented and successful ballerina. Dancing gave meaning to her life. Whenever she danced, she communicated the joy in her heart and the inspiration in her soul to the people who watched.
One Christmas day when she was preparing a special dinner for family, her dress caught fire. Within second, she became a human torch. The flames burned so quickly and cruelly into her flesh that she was mad with pain. She would have died if her father had not heard scream. He laced kitchen, threw himself on top of her, and put out the fire with his own body.
There are days when everything seems to go wrong. You do not hear your alarm, so you are late to crass. You get caught in the rain. Your computer breaks down before you make a backup copy. At this point, you are ready to cream. The only solution is to take a deep breath and count to ten.
There are also days when everything you do is wrong. You cannot get along with your exclaim, "I feel like a failure!"
When things go wrong, many people tend to isolate themselves. By being alone, they think that they are protecting themselves. Unfortunately, this reaction does not help them deal with their disappointments, because they are focusing only on themselves. Thinking about what went wrong strength their sense of failure.
現在学部3年生です。
独自に英語を勉強しようと思い、前回も此方のサイトで質問させて頂いたのですが、今回はこの段落がどうしても巧く訳す事ができません。
In 1920, the fight to gain equal rights for women scored a major success when their Constitutional right to vote, granted in 1918, fi-nally came into force. Among the other successes of first wave femi-nism was yet another new type of women-a young, urban, career-oriented women who quickly be-came a cultural stereotype known as the flapper. The flapper rejected Victorian notions of what a women was, and developed her own style. She wore shorter bobbed hair, with strands of pearls over plain, shorter dresses that deaccentuated her curves; she smoked and danced in public; and she even had sex outside of wedlock.
一様単語訳としては、「scored a major success＝大成功を収めた」 「Constitutional＝憲法上の」 「came into force＝実施された」 「career-oriented＝キャリア志向の」 「deaccentuated her curves＝体の曲線を目立たせなかった」 と訳してみました。
（2行目のAmong the other successes がよく分かりません…）。
また、フラッパーとは1920年代に一世を風靡した女性像、そうした女性の役柄だそうで、ショートヘアとミニスカート、タバコと酒、そして性的奔放さで自由を表現したそうです。
英語が得意な方がいらっしゃいましたら、巧くまとまった訳をぜひご教授頂けないでしょうか。
誤字脱字が御座いましたら、ご指摘の方よろしくお願い致します。
Paradoxically, it is the first factor - marring someone you do not love yet （but are attracted to ） that leads to the second one. In arranged marriages, the wedding is seen not as the concluding point, but only the beginning of a relationship that is marked more by hope than by expectation. Where couples in a "romantic" marriage might find the reality of everyday life a comedown after the excitement of the courtship period, the courtship dance in arranged marriages begins only after the wedding ceremony. As many South Asians with experience in this matter will enthusiastically tell you, this leads to the couple falling in love.
Are all arranged marriages successful? No more than all romantic marriages are. But, ultimately, what makes a marriage work is not how it began but what makes a marriage work is not how it began but what you do with it. Mutual respect, realistic expectations and a willingness to compromise may, in the long run, be more important than all the undying promises made in moments of passion. Marriage is a long race; it is learning the other's gait as you go. What matters is whether you are able to find a common rhythm.
Paradoxically, it is the first factor - marring someone you do not love yet （but are attracted to ） that leads to the second one. In arranged marriages, the wedding is seen not as the concluding point, but only the beginning of a relationship that is marked more by hope than by expectation. Where couples in a "romantic" marriage might find the reality of everyday life a comedown after the excitement of the courtship period, the courtship dance in arranged marriages begins only after the wedding ceremony. As many South Asians with experience in this matter will enthusiastically tell you, this leads to the couple falling in love.
Are all arranged marriages successful? No more than all romantic marriages are. But, ultimately, what makes a marriage work is not how it began but what makes a marriage work is not how it began but what you do with it. Mutual respect, realistic expectations and a willingness to compromise may, in the long run, be more important than all the undying promises made in moments of passion. Marriage is a long race; it is learning the other's gait as you go. What matters is whether you are able to find a common rhythm.
Gone foe the most part are the days when parents decreed and children bowed meekly. More often now, parents （and aunts, uncles, grandparents, family friend and neighbors）consult extensively with the bride-to-be or groom-to-be and find out what they would like in a partner. Then keeping in mind their offspring's interests, temperament and family background, they send out feelers into the community. In Indian communities all over the world, once they locate likely prospects, they create a venue （often a party at a common friend's home ）for the young people to meet informally. If the "couple" like each other, they are encouraged to meet again, so that they may get to know each other. The final decision - to marry or to look further - is theirs to make.
Friends, who have been brought up on a diet of Hollywood movies where couples go off starry-eyed into the sunset, are still suspicious. "But how can you stand to marry someone you don't love?" they ask. "How can you be happy together?"
