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質問

The Allied general, General Ferdinand Foch, ordered a counteroffensive which led to the Second Battle of the Marne, after which victory he was promoted to Marshal of France. The Germans, recognising their untenable position, withdrew from the Marne to the north. Foch now tried to move the Allies back onto the offensive. Foch disclosed his plan on 23 July 1918, following the Franco-American victory at the Battle of Soissons. The plan called for reducing the Saint-Mihiel salient (which would later see combat in the Battle of Saint-Mihiel) and freeing the railway lines that ran through Amiens from German shellfire.
The commander of the British Expeditionary Force, Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig, already had plans in place for an attack near Amiens. When the British retreat had ended in April, the headquarters of the British Fourth Army under General Sir Henry Rawlinson had taken over the front astride the Somme. Its left hand corps was the British III Corps under Lieutenant General Richard Butler, while the Australian Corps under Lieutenant General John Monash held the right flank and linked up with French armies to the south. On 30 May, all the Australian infantry divisions were united under the corps HQ, for the first time on the Western Front. The Australians had mounted a number of local counter-attacks which both revealed the suitability of the open and firm terrain south of the Somme for a larger offensive and also established and refined the methods which were to be used.
Rawlinson had submitted Monash's proposals to Haig in July and Haig had forwarded them to Foch. At a meeting on 24 July, Foch agreed to the plan but insisted that the French First Army, which held the front to the south of the British Fourth Army, should participate. Rawlinson opposed this as his and Monash's plans depended on the large-scale use of tanks (now finally available in large numbers) to achieve surprise, by avoiding a preliminary bombardment. The French First Army lacked tanks and would be forced to bombard the German positions before the infantry advance began, thus removing the element of surprise. Eventually, it was agreed that the French would participate, but not launch their attack until 45 minutes after the Fourth Army. It was also agreed to advance the proposed date of the attack from 10 August to 8 August, to strike the Germans before they had completed their withdrawal from the Marne salient.

回答No.1

Nakay702 · ベストアンサー

＞The Allied general, General Ferdinand Foch, ordered a counteroffensive which led to the Second Battle of the Marne, after which victory he was promoted to Marshal of France. The Germans, recognising their untenable position, withdrew from the Marne to the north. Foch now tried to move the Allies back onto the offensive. Foch disclosed his plan on 23 July 1918, following the Franco-American victory at the Battle of Soissons. The plan called for reducing the Saint-Mihiel salient (which would later see combat in the Battle of Saint-Mihiel) and freeing the railway lines that ran through Amiens from German shellfire.
⇒連合国軍の将軍、フェルディナン・フォッシュ将軍は、「第2次マルヌの戦い」につながる反撃を命じ、それに勝利した後彼はフランス軍元帥に昇進した。ドイツ軍は、もちこたえることができない立場を認識してマルヌから北へ撤退した。フォッシュは今こそ連合国軍を攻勢に転じようと努めた。1918年7月23日、フォッシュは、「ソワソンの戦い」での仏米軍の勝利に続く彼の計画を明らかにした。この計画では、サン＝ミヒェルの突出部を減らし（後に「サン=ミヒェルの戦い」の項でその戦闘を見る）、ドイツの砲撃基地からアミアンを通る鉄道線を解放することを求めた。

＞The commander of the British Expeditionary Force, Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig, already had plans in place for an attack near Amiens. When the British retreat had ended in April, the headquarters of the British Fourth Army under General Sir Henry Rawlinson had taken over the front astride the Somme. Its left hand corps was the British III Corps under Lieutenant General Richard Butler, while the Australian Corps under Lieutenant General John Monash held the right flank and linked up with French armies to the south. On 30 May, all the Australian infantry divisions were united under the corps HQ, for the first time on the Western Front. The Australians had mounted a number of local counter-attacks which both revealed the suitability of the open and firm terrain south of the Somme for a larger offensive and also established and refined the methods which were to be used.
⇒英国遠征軍の司令官、陸軍元帥ダグラス・ヘイグ卿は、すでにアミアン近傍での攻撃計画を立てていた。英国軍の退去が終わった4月には、将軍ヘンリー・ローリンソン卿麾下の英国第4方面軍の本部がソンムをまたぐ前線を引き継いでいた。その左翼の軍団はリチャード・バトラー中将麾下の英国第III軍団であり、一方ジョン・モナッシュ中将麾下にあるオーストラリア軍団は右翼を受けもって、南側のフランス軍に連なっていた。5月30日、西部戦線で初めて、軍団本部の下にあるすべてのオーストラリア歩兵師団が統一された。オーストラリア軍は数多くの局地的反撃を行い、ソンム南の開かれた強固な地形がより大きな攻撃に適していることを明らかにし、採用される戦法を確立し、洗練した。

＞Rawlinson had submitted Monash's proposals to Haig in July and Haig had forwarded them to Foch. At a meeting on 24 July, Foch agreed to the plan but insisted that the French First Army, which held the front to the south of the British Fourth Army, should participate. Rawlinson opposed this as his and Monash's plans depended on the large-scale use of tanks (now finally available in large numbers) to achieve surprise, by avoiding a preliminary bombardment.
⇒ローリンソンは、7月にモナッシュの提案をヘイグに提出し、ヘイグはそれをフォッシュに転送した。フォッシュは7月24日の会合でこの提案計画に同意したが、英国第4方面軍の南側前線を守っているフランス第1方面軍が参画すべきであると主張した。ローリンソンはこれに反対したが、それというのも、彼やモナッシュの計画は予備砲撃を避けることによって急襲を達成するための戦車の大規模な使用（今や、最終的に多数の戦車が利用可能）に依存しているからであった。

＞The French First Army lacked tanks and would be forced to bombard the German positions before the infantry advance began, thus removing the element of surprise. Eventually, it was agreed that the French would participate, but not launch their attack until 45 minutes after the Fourth Army. It was also agreed to advance the proposed date of the attack from 10 August to 8 August, to strike the Germans before they had completed their withdrawal from the Marne salient.
⇒フランス第1方面軍には戦車がなく、歩兵隊の進撃が始まる前にドイツ軍陣地を砲撃せざるを得ないので、かくしてそれは急襲の要素を取り除いてしまうだろう。最終的には、フランス軍の参戦が合意されたが、第4方面軍の45分後まで攻撃を開始しないこととなった。また、攻撃の予定日を8月10日から8月8日に早めて、ドイツ軍がマルヌの突出部からの撤退を完了する前に襲撃することでも合意がなされた。

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