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質問

German colonies in Africa had been acquired in the 1880s and were not well defended. They were also surrounded by territories controlled by Britain, France, Belgium and Portugal.Colonial military forces in Africa were relatively small, poorly equipped and had been created to maintain internal order, rather than conduct military operations against other colonial forces. Most of the European warfare in Africa during the 19th century had been conducted against African societies to enslave people and later to conquer territory. The Berlin Conference of 1884, had provided for European colonies in Africa to be neutral, if war broke out in Europe; in 1914 none of the European powers had plans to challenge their opponents for control of overseas colonies. When news of the outbreak of war reached European colonialists in Africa, it was met by little of the enthusiasm seen in the capital cities of the states which maintained colonies. An editorial in the East African Standard on 22 August, argued that Europeans in Africa should not fight each other but instead collaborate, to maintain the repression of the indigenous population. War was against the interest of the white colonialists because they were small in number, many of the European conquests were recent, unstable and operated through existing local structures of power and the organisation of African economic potential for European profit had only recently begun.

In Britain, an Offensive sub-committee of the Committee of Imperial Defence was appointed on 5 August and established a principle that command of the seas was to be ensured and that objectives were considered only if they could be attained with local forces and if the objective assisted the priority of maintaining British sea communications, as British army garrisons abroad were returned to Europe in an "Imperial Concentration". Attacks on German coaling stations and wireless stations were considered to be important to clear the seas of German commerce raiders. Objectives at Tsingtau in the Far East and Luderitz Bay, Windhoek, Duala and Dar-es-Salaam in Africa and a German wireless station in Togoland, next to the British colony of Gold Coast in the Gulf of Guinea, were considered vulnerable to attack by local or allied forces.

回答No.1

Nakay702 · ベストアンサー

以下のとおりお答えします。第一次世界大戦勃発前の、英国から見た国際情勢、植民地情勢などが述べられています。（興味ある内容ですが、前回同様、これだけ長いと少々息切れ気味です。注意が十分行き渡らず、粗雑な訳文の箇所があるかも知れませんが、その節はどうぞ悪しからず。）

＞German colonies in Africa had been acquired in the 1880s and were not well defended. They were also surrounded by territories controlled by Britain, France, Belgium and Portugal. Colonial military forces in Africa were relatively small, poorly equipped and had been created to maintain internal order, rather than conduct military operations against other colonial forces. Most of the European warfare in Africa during the 19th century had been conducted against African societies to enslave people and later to conquer territory.
⇒アフリカにおけるドイツ植民地は1880年代に獲得されたが、防御は十分でなかった。それらはまた、英国、フランス、ベルギー、およびポルトガルによって管理される領域に取り囲まれていた。アフリカ植民地の軍隊は比較的相対的に小さく、装備が不十分で、植民地の他の軍隊に対する軍事作戦を実行するというよりはむしろ、内部の秩序を維持するために創設されていた。19世紀間のアフリカにおけるヨーロッパの戦闘のほとんどが、（当初は）人々を奴隷にするため、そして、その後は領土を征服するために、アフリカ社会に対して実行されていた。

＞The Berlin Conference of 1884, had provided for European colonies in Africa to be neutral, if war broke out in Europe; in 1914 none of the European powers had plans to challenge their opponents for control of overseas colonies. When news of the outbreak of war reached European colonialists in Africa, it was met by little of the enthusiasm seen in the capital cities of the states which maintained colonies.
⇒1884年の「ベルリン会議」は、もしヨーロッパで戦争が勃発しても、アフリカに対するヨーロッパ植民地については（お互い）中立的であるようにと提起していた。1914年には、いかなるヨーロッパ権力も、海外の植民地の管理権をその相手に要求するような計画は持っていなかった。戦争勃発のニュースが、アフリカに対するヨーロッパ植民地主義者に届いた時、植民地を維持する国家の首都では、ほとんど、熱狂らしきものをもっては迎えられなかった。

＞An editorial in the East African Standard on 22 August, argued that Europeans in Africa should not fight each other but instead collaborate, to maintain the repression of the indigenous population. War was against the interest of the white colonialists because they were small in number, many of the European conquests were recent, unstable and operated through existing local structures of power and the organisation of African economic potential for European profit had only recently begun.
⇒8月22日付の「東アフリカの基準」のある論説が、アフリカのヨーロッパ人はお互いに戦うべきでなく、代りに、先住人口の抑制を維持することに協力すべきだと主張した。戦争は、白人植民地主義者にとっての利益に背（そむ）いていた。なぜなら、彼らは数的に小さく、ヨーロッパ人の征服の多くがほんの最近のことであって不安定だからであり、既存の権力の地方的構造を通して操作されるし、ヨーロッパの利益にとって、アフリカ経済の可能性の組織作りは最近始めたばかりだったからである。

＞In Britain, an Offensive sub-committee of the Committee of Imperial Defence was appointed on 5 August and established a principle that command of the seas was to be ensured and that objectives were considered only if they could be attained with local forces and if the objective assisted the priority of maintaining British sea communications, as British army garrisons abroad were returned to Europe in an "Imperial Concentration".
⇒英国では、8月5日に帝国防衛委員会内に「攻撃小委員会」が任命されて、海洋の統率権は保証されるべきであるという基本原則や、（攻撃の）目的が地方の軍隊力によって達成できて、かつ英国の海洋通信を維持するための優先権を助成する場合にのみ、その目的が考慮される、という基本原則が確立された。外国での英国軍守備隊が、「帝国の集中」という形でヨーロッパに戻っていたからである。

＞Attacks on German coaling stations and wireless stations were considered to be important to clear the seas of German commerce raiders. Objectives at Tsingtau in the Far East and Luderitz Bay, Windhoek, Duala and Dar-es-Salaam in Africa and a German wireless station in Togoland, next to the British colony of Gold Coast in the Gulf of Guinea, were considered vulnerable to attack by local or allied forces.
⇒ドイツの給炭地（石炭採掘・供給所）と無電局への攻撃は、ドイツの商業的襲撃要素の多くを一掃するために重要である、と考えられた。（攻撃）目標として、極東のチンタオ（青島）、アフリカのリューデリッツ湾、ウィントフーク、ドゥアラ、およびダル-エス-サラーム、それとギニア湾のゴールド・コーストにある英国植民地に隣接する、トーゴランドのドイツ無電局は、当該地域の軍隊や連合国の軍隊による攻撃に対して脆弱である、と考えられていた。

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