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We have used oxygen-18 in ice core data as a climate proxy instead of the dendro-climatology data since the oxygen data better preserves the detail in annual variations. The rapid cooling as indicated as the sharp drop in delta oxygen-18 by ~ 2‰ can be seen just around the “11-year” solar minima at solar polarity negative during the Maunder Minimum, indicating an apparent “22-year” cycle in temperature variations. On the other hand, large decline in delta oxygen-18 occurs when the polarity is positive before and after the Maunder Minimum. The transitions into/out from the “Normal Mode (colder event at polarity positive)” to/from the “Maunder Minimum mode (colder event at polarity negative)” are resulting in the appearance of significant “11-year” cycle in temperature variations. The correlation coefficient of carbon-14 (considering 2-year lag in the carbon cycle) and dendro-data with the “22-year” solar cycle band during EMMP (bandwidth: 16–20 years) is － 0.71, which implies drops in temperature correspond to the period when higher GCRs flux is observed. The features of solar forcing on climate found in this study can be schematically described as shown in Fig. 6 where Δt represents the changing length of the “11-year” cycle, which tends to be longer at the Maunder Minimum mode. The wavelet spectra of temperatures support this proposition showing a significant signal of 11-year period only around the transition time getting into/out of the Maunder Minimum ( Fig. 3).

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Although the magnitude of the variations of carbon-14 is strongly attenuated through the carbon cycle after being produced by the GCRs in the atmosphere (Siegenthaler and Beer, 1988), carbon-14 in tree-rings preserve the information on the variations in solar cycles and the magnetic dipole polarity of the sun. Therefore, the variability of the “11-year” solar cycle in association with the century-scale variations of solar activity can be monitored to asses its influence on climate. The lengths of sunspot periods have been modulated by a few years since the 11-year sunspot cycle was firstly found by Schwabe (1843). The maximum range observed so far is ~ 9 to ~ 14 years, but most of the cycles fit in ~ 10–12 years with the overall average being 11 years. However, we have previously found a change in average cycle length during the Maunder Minimum ((Miyahara et al., 2004); see Supplementary Fig. S1). The sunspots were scarce through 1645–1715 AD due to the anomalous weakening of the magnetic activity at this time, yet the carbon-14 abundances show the appearance of significant cyclic changes in magnetic activity. The average length of the cycles through the 70 years was about 14 years with the 28-year period of magnetic polarity reversals. The relationship between the cycle length of the “11-year” variation in sunspots and its magnitude has been investigated in several papers (Clough, 1905, Solanki et al., 2002 and Rogers et al., 2006). A consistent feature is the inverse correlation between cycle amplitudes and cycle lengths that maybe related to the change of the meridional flows inside the convection zone of the sun (Hathaway et al., 2003).

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The sunspot numbers since the prolonged sunspot minimum occurred 1645–1715 AD so called the Maunder Minimum (Eddy, 1976) indicate gradual increasing trend in addition to the ~ 88-year quasi-periodicity. Solanki et al. (2004) concluded that the sun is currently experiencing one of the most active periods over the past 8000 years as estimated from a thousand year long records of carbon-14 dated tree-rings. However, the original interpretation by Solanki et al. is strongly model dependent (Muscheler et al., 2005) and there is a discrepancy with the long-term trend in beryllium-10 from a Greenland ice core (Vonmoos et al., 2006). The difficulty of interpreting the carbon-14 data is partly due to the complexity of the global carbon cycle. This is particularly true for the period since anthropogenic CO2 has been released to the atmosphere and for which instrumental climate records are available. Therefore, careful evaluation of long term and high resolution carbon-14 records is necessary to understand the possible sun–climate linkages especially from GCRs flux variations.

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3. Results and discussions Our new annual carbon-14 data for the EMMP not only confirm the relationship between the cycle length and solar activity level but also provide some important insights on the state of solar activity during this period. Fig. 1 shows the signal of solar cycles detected in the carbon-14 data and Fig. 2-a shows the frequency analysis of the data, exhibiting the change in solar cycles and their amplitude. The power spectrum remarkably indicates a 9-year cyclicity (± 1 for the 68% confidence level against the high-frequency noise (< 3 years) through 880–960 AD, together with an 18-year period of solar polarity reversals. The overall significances of the two signals are 3 sigma and 2.7 sigma, respectively. The length of the 11-year solar cycle is ~ 2 years shorter than that observed for the last 150 years, and ~ 5 years shorter than those during the Maunder Minimum.

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Here we examine the relationship between the sun and climate by measuring the carbon-14 content in tree-rings with annual time resolution. The GCR flux and hence the activity level of the sun can be monitored by carbon-14. Our particular focus is around the period of the Maunder Minimum and the early Medieval Maximum Period (EMMP) in the 9–10th century. Sunspot numbers and the activity levels of the sun gradually change in time with quasi-cycles of about 11 years (Schwabe cycle).The polarity of the solar intrinsic magnetic field, which is more or less a simple dipole at every activity minima, reverses at every activity maximum. It changes the track of protons, the positively charged main constituent of GCRs, due to the spirally expanding interplanetary magnetic field formed by solar wind (Kota and Jokipii, 1983) and hence changes the attenuation level of GCRs in the heliosphere. Bulk of the GCRs comes from the polar region of the heliosphere when the polarity of the sun is positive, while GCRs come from the horizontal direction when negative.The attenuation of GCRs in the heliosphere is, therefore, more sensitive when the polarity is negative to the intensity of solar magnetic field and the tilt angle of the current sheets which expand horizontal direction. Thus the variation of the GCR flux on the earth has a “22-year” cyclic component, and will be transferred to the variations in carbon-14.

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1. Introduction The role and exact extent of natural and anthropogenic forcing for the climate evolution has been under much debate and one of the major sources of external forcing can be through solar variability. As is well summarized by Hoyt and Schatten (1997), several meteorological phenomena, such as temperature variations, cloud coverage, frequency of lightning strikes, and droughts, seem to be responding to solar variables over a wide range of time scales such as the 27-day solar rotation period, 11-year activity cycle, 22-year polarity reversal cycle and the other longer quasi-cyclic periods. Although the most straightforward mechanism of the sun–climate connection is the direct heating of the earth by solar radiation, it is unlikely that the entire solar influence on climate can be attributed simply to the variation of TSI (Foukal et al., 2004 and Foukal et al., 2006).

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In the omics era, the development of high-throughput technologies that permit the solution of deciphering cancer from higher dimensionality provides a knowledge base that changes the face of cancer understanding and therapeutics (Cho, 2010b). Serum is one of the most easily procured patient specimens and it is perceived to contain many of the molecules that might indicate systemic function. Thus, serum is the sample source that is most often profiled in the hopes of identifying sets of biomarkers for clinical use (Gilbert et al, 2004). In this study, proteomic analyses of serum samples from patients with lung cancer and controls have identified SAA as an elevated biomarker in lung cancer (as shown by SELDI analysis and confirmed by immunoassay). It is known that SAA is secreted during the acute phase of inflammation; the conservation of this protein throughout invertebrates and vertebrates suggests that SAA has an essential role in all animals including humans (Manley et al, 2006). There are several functions of SAA protein, describedin the context of inflammation, that are compatible with the mechanism of tumour invasion and metastasis. These properties place SAA as an extracellular matrix-associated adhesion protein with a potential role in tumour pathogenesis. The SAA mRNA expression in epithelial cells was gradually increased as they progressed through different stages of dysplasia to overt carcinoma (Gutfeld et al, 2006). Accumulating evidence has suggested that SAA might be used to detect a pattern of physiological events that reflect the growth of malignancy and host response. Elevated SAA may be a primary product of tumour lesions, but can also be the product of hepatocytes. Further investigation to determine whether cancer tissue-derived cytokines stimulate SAA synthesis in liver or epithelial cells will be interesting (Malle et al, 2009). Overexpression of SAA has been reported in nasopharyngeal, renal, gastric, hepatocellular, melanoma, breast, and endometrial cancers (Cho et al, 2004; Tolson et al, 2004; Chan et al, 2007; He et al, 2008; Findeisen et al, 2009; Pierce et al, 2009; Ramankulov et al, 2008; Cocco et al, 2009, 2010; Sasazuki et al, 2010; Vermaat et al, 2010). Our study not only detected increased SAA level in the serum of lung cancer patients but also identified that elevated SAA level may be a non-invasive biomarker, useful for the prediction of lung cancer prognosis. As far as we know, the association of SAA with the survival of lung cancer patients has never been reported. Moreover, a number of SELDI peaks were found to be significantly differentiated between the serum of cancer patients and controls, as well as between the poor prognosis patients and good prognosis patients. Further identification of these peaks is awaiting. Recently, the US Food and Drug Administration has approved an ovarian cancer triage test called OVA1, containing CA125 and four biomarkers (b2-microglobulin, transferrin, apolipoprotein A1, and transthyretin) identified by SELDI-TOF-MS (Fung, 2010). This marks an encouraging step of translating biomarker discovery from laboratory to clinic. It showed that having identified biomarkers by primary screening, a standard assay may then be developed and finally converted into clinically applicable measures. Our results reveal that the level of SAA is highly elevated in lung cancer and in the patients with poor prognosis, thus warranting further studies investigating this candidate biomarker as part of a multimarker test for the diagnosis and prognosis of lung cancer. 医学系論文の一部です。わかるところだけでも翻訳いただけると助かります。

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These include the Little Ice Age (LIA) between the 14th and the 19th centuries and the so called Medieval Warm Period (MWP) around the 9th to the 12th century. The history of solar activity, on the other hand, has been investigated through cosmogenic radionuclides, such as carbon-14 and beryllium-10, embedded in the tree-rings and ice cores for decadal (Beer et al., 1998) and centennial changes (Stuiver and Quay, 1980, Stuiver and Braziunas, 1989 and Usoskin et al., 2004). The reconstructed records show that the sun has gone through several prolonged activity minima as well as maxima roughly in sync with the cold and warm spells such as the LIA and the MWP (Eddy, 1976 and Stuiver and Braziunas, 1989), although it is still difficult to evaluate solar variations quantitatively. The patterns of climate and solar variations are similar, but the global warming trend has not leveled off during the last few decades when the activity of the sun has peaked (Lockwood and Fröhlich, 2007), pointing that the anthropogenic greenhouse gasses are the major factor responsible for the global warming.

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Abstract The linkage between multi-decadal climate variability and activity of the sun has been long debated based upon observational evidence from a large number of instrumental and proxy records. It is difficult to evaluate the exact role of each of solar parameters on climate change since instrumentally measured solar related parameters such as Total Solar irradiance (TSI), Ultra Violet (UV), solar wind and Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCRs) fluxes are more or less synchronized and only extend back for several decades. Here we report tree-ring carbon-14 based record of 11-year/22-year solar cycles during the Maunder Minimum (17th century) and the early Medieval Maximum Period (9–10th century) to reconstruct the state of the sun and the flux of incoming GCRs. The result strongly indicates that the influence of solar cycles on climate is persistent beyond the period after instrumental observations were initiated. We find that the actual lengths of solar cycles vary depending on the status of long-term solar activity, and that periodicity of the surface air temperatures are also changing synchronously. Temperature variations over the 22-year cycles seem, in general, to be more significant than those associated with the 11-year cycles and in particular around the grand solar minima such as the Maunder Minimum (1645–1715 AD). The polarity dependence of cooling events found in this study suggests that the GCRs can not be excluded from the possible drivers of decadal to multi-decadal climate change.

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Fig. 3a and b. An example of recurrent non-collision orbits. The orbit with b=2.4784, e=0, and i=0 is illustrated. To see the orbital behavior near the protoplanet, the central region is enlarged in b; the circle shows the sphere of the two-body approximation and the small one the protoplanet. Fig. 4a and b. Same as Fig. 3 but b=2.341, e=0, and i=0. This is an example of recurrent collision orbits. Fig.5. Minimum separation distance r_min between the protoplanet and a planetesimal in the case of (e, i)=(0, 0). By solid curves, r_min in the first encounter is illustrated as a function of b. The level of protoplanetary radius is shown by a thin dashed line. The collision band in the second encounter orbits around b=2.34 is also shown by dashed curves. Fig. 6. Minimum distance r_min in the chaotic zone near b=1.93 for the case of (e, i)=(0, 0); it changes violently with b. Fig. 7a-c. Contours of minimum separation distance r_min in the first encounter for the case of (e, i)=(1.0, 0.5); b=2.3(a), 2.8(b), and 3.1 (c). Contours are drawn in terms of log_10 (r_min) and the contour interval is 0.5. Regions where r_min>1 are marked by coarse dots. Particles in these regions cannot enter the Hill sphere of the protoplanet. Fine dots denotes regions where r_min is smaller than the radius r_cr of the sphere of the two-body approximation (r_cr=0.03; log_10(r_cr)=-1.52). Fig. 3a and b.　および　Fig. 4a and b.　↓ http://www.fastpic.jp/images.php?file=3994206860.jpg Fig.5.　および Fig. 7a-c. 　↓ http://www.fastpic.jp/images.php?file=2041732569.jpg Fig. 6. ↓ http://www.fastpic.jp/images.php?file=2217998690.jpg お手数ですが、よろしくお願いします。

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Decadal to millennial scale variations in the surface temperature of the earth can be obtained through proxy records. Millennial scale global and northern hemispheric temperatures have been reconstructed by calibrating the tree-ring growth rate with the instrumental record for the last century (e.g. Mann, Bradley and Hughes, 1999). Borehole temperature records have also provided a direct history of the heat budget of the earth (Huang et al., 2000 and Goto et al., 2005). Although some discrepancies are remained among the various reconstructions, the overall consistency of the records indicates that the earth experienced both cold and warm periods.

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訳お願いしますm(._.)m (1)By 2004, Samso was already 70％ self-supplied by renewable energy. (2)The wind generators supplied energy for electricity, and solar panels and biomass stoves for heating. (3)In addition to tourists, researchers and students of environmental studies visit the island. (4)They attend the seminars at the Energy Academy or visit the eco-museum on the island. (5)The Energy Academy itself is built according to the principles of an ecological building. (6)The use of water is cut down to a minimum and rainwater is used for flushing toilets. (7)The building is heated by solar collectors and a district heating system that burns straw. (8)Slar cells on the roof and local wind turbines supply the building with electricity. (9)Low-energy electrical appliances and lighting are used throughout the building. (10)Windows in the building are designed to provide the best lighting conditions.

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よろしくお願いします。 After a day of preparing the foods, the users are finally able to taste their ‘solar-powered food.’ “Oh, this is good,”says one woman as she tries the food from a workshop. “It's very good,”she continues.“The consistency is good; the texture is fine.” She then concludes with a smile, “No problem!” 　The fact that the solar cooker looks just like a cardboard box surprises many of the woman. One of the cooks says, “We're all amazed that a cardboard box can cook.” After each workshop, attendees are given their own portable solar‘cook kits’to take home. They are then expected to use the kits to help them with their daily tasks. The simple cookers cost about five dollars, last almost two years, and work exactly like the more costly kits.

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英語の訳をお願いします(´；ω；`) Hosoda kogyo recently unveiled its specialized bean sprout washing and cleaning line. The most innovative feature is a mechanism to remove the root from the sprout. The bean sprouts are carried along the line by the flow of water. The metal plate beneath them is perforated with thin slits. Water is injected from the top, and only the root sinks into the slits. It's then removed by the cutter. By cutting the root this way, the bean sprout remains crunchy. As consumers hunger for the convenience of fast food with the health benefits of fresh vegetables, new mass production tech-nology is stepping up to the plate. です(´；ω；`)よろしくお願い致します。

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The presented technique using the loading simulator permitted the application of forces on the tendons to load the joint structures dynamically. It also facilitated simulation of physiological conditions through the application of axial forces to the lower leg. The technique used to measure the joint contact stress time history allowed the investigation of protocols with up to nine consecutive different force applications under constant boundary conditions. This would not have been possible using pressure-sensitive films. The quasi static foot position in this study permitted only a limited transfer of the results of protocol 3 (gait simulation) to real walking situations. Various authors (Bertsch et al., 2001; Calhoun et al., 1994; Tochigi et al., 2006) have reported that the zones of high contact stress in the talocrural joint change with dorsi- and plantar flexion. This could not be simulated in the present study. In addition the axial tibia load did not reach physiological loading in protocol 3. The relatively high range of donor age (66–89) for the specimens used in this study may have contributed to the large variations in contact stress between specimens. The material properties of biological structures depend on age, are related to the physical abilities of the donors and may therefore influence contact stress.

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The term spike refers to the shape of the peaks that are seen on the oscillograph records when the membrane potential is measured by a fine electrode placed in the vicinity, or in the interior of the neuron. (The more interpretable records of the membrane potential are obtained by means of one electrode inside the cell and one outside, which may be placed at some distance and is then called “indifferent electrode”.) この文章の和訳お願いします。

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翻訳をお願いします・・・翻訳ソフトだと読めません・・・ By changing the mean diameter, the wire diameter, and the number of coils, any number of springs may be obtained to support a given load with a given deflection. However, there are certain limitations imposed by the use to which the spring is to be put. The usual procedure is to assume a mean diameter and a safe working stress, after which the wire diameter is found by substitution in the proper stress equation. The number of effective coils is the found from the deflection equation. Several trials are usually required before a suitable combination is obtained. The stress factor K depends on the spring index that must be assumed in the first trial solution for the wire diameter. For general industrial uses the spring index should be 8 to 10; for valve and clutch springs 5 is common; and 3 is a minimum value to be used only in extreme cases. Because of slight variations in the modulus of elasticity, variations in wire diameter, and other manufacturing tolerances, the deflection equations do not give extremely accurate values, and if extreme accuracy is required, the manufacturer should be consulted. Compression springs should not be compressed solid when subjected to the maximum load. A clearance between the effective coils should be provided so as to prevent wear, or to prevent a foreign substance lodging between the coils and causing a fatigue crack failure. The free length is the solid length, plus the clearance, plus the maximum deflection. The solid length depends upon the number of effective coils and the type of the end provided. Different types of ends are illustrated in Fig.3.3. Note that the effective number of coils n may be less than the actual number in the spring. A helical compression spring that is too long compared to its mean diameter may buckle at comparatively low axial loads since such a spring is a very flexible column.

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翻訳お願いします。 (1)But all the models suggest some impact on the distribution of precipitation. (2)The main reason why geo-engineering is supported by many in the scientific community is that most researchers have little faith in the ability of politicians to agree ー and then bring in ー the necessary carbon cuts.

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The ancient city of Peshawar is located in Pakistan, close to the site of the earliest Buddhist sculptures. Sheep are abundant in that area. Medieval wooden homes line the dark streets, and here and there smoke rises from small restaurants nestled among the homes. All the restaurants serve sheep meat, or mutton. The meat is served grilled on skewers or as small steaks. The most delicious fragrance of all comes from kabobs. Kabob, also called kebab, means "grilled meat" in Arabic. The most common meat comes from sheep. The cheapest and best kabobs are found in small restaurants where the meat is grilled over charcoal. Chunks of meat are placed on skewers and grilled over a charcoal fire. That's it. If the cook is skillful, the meat is moist, and melts in your mouth. Large restaurants will season the meat and cook it with onions, however, the authentic kabob is not even seasoned with salt. The quality of the meat determines the flavor, so small authentic restaurants are the best place for kabob. The word shish kabob comes from the Turkish language, and is understood just about everywhere. Sheep meat is considered a great delicacy just about everywhere in the Middle East and Central Asia. The entire animal is eaten, including its innards. In towns, stalls selling sheep innards stand alongside stalls selling mutton. There are corners where dozens of sheep's heads will be displayed for sale. The brains are considered the tastiest part of the animal, and are eaten boiled with a squirt of fresh lemon. In various regions throughout the Middle East and Central Asia, there is an annual rite in which sheep are sacrificed, and the meat is distributed to relatives and neighbors. It is said that in Pakistan, the finest hospitality is shown to company by killing a sheep in the morning, and serving its brains in the evening.

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Fig.4. Magnified figures of one of the discontinuous bands in 1.915<b_i~<1.925 in Figs. 3(a) and (b). There are many fine discontinuous bands in itself. Fig.5. Examples of particle orbits which belong to the discontinuous bands in Fig.4. 　(a) and (b) are of particles which escape from the Hill sphere through the gate of L_1 and through that of L_2, respectively. The values of b_i~ are 1.91894 (a) and 1.91898 (b). Fig.6. Examples of purely Keplerian orbits with e_i~=4 for b_i~=2 and b_i~=10. The former curls (|b_i~|<4(e_i~/3) and the latter waves (|b_i~|>4(e_i~/3)). The values of δ* of both orbits are zero. ↓Fig.4. http://www.fastpic.jp/images.php?file=0045805708.jpg ↓Fig.5. http://www.fastpic.jp/images.php?file=9845810934.jpg ↓Fig.6. http://www.fastpic.jp/images.php?file=0162323295.jpg どうかよろしくお願いします。

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