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ATP energy
The liver is the central distributing and processing organ for nutrient. Glucose 6-phosphate, the key intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism, may be converted into glycogen, into blood glucose, or into fatty acids via acetyl-CoA. It may undergo degradation via glycolysis and the citric acid-cycle to yield ATP energy or via the pentose phosphate cycle to yield pentoses and NADPH. Amino acids may be built up into liver and plasma proteins, or they may be converted into glucose and glycogen by gluconeogenesis. The ammonia formed by their deamination is converted into urea by the urea cycle. Fatty acids may be converted by the liver into triacylglycerols, cholesterol, and into plasma lipoproteins for transport and storage in adipose tissue. They may also be oxidized to yield ATP energy and to form the ketone bodies, to be circulated to other tissues. Skeletal muscle is specialized to produce ATP for contraction and relaxation. In very severe muscular work, glycogen is the ultimate fuel and is converted into lactate. During recovery the lactate is rebuilt to form liver glycogen and glucose again. The brain uses only glucose and β-hydroxybutyrate as fuels, the latter being important in fasting or starvation. The brain uses most of its ATP energy for active transport of Na+ and K+ and in the maintenance of the action potential of neuronal membranes.
